Factors influencing lateral-branch formation in woody plants

• Autorzy: Jacyna T

Warianty tytułu

PL

Czynniki wplywajace na tworzenie sie bocznych rozgalezien [syllepsis] u roslin gatunkow drzewiastych

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

One of the most appealing characteristics of a plant, even to inexperienced observers, is its branching habit, i.e. the way the plant builds up its system of rarnifications. With young, especially maiden woody (perennial) plants this natural branching is called syllepsis. Syllepsis originates from axillary primordia showing no rest symptoms (J a n k i e w i c z 1984). It occurs mainly during the early developmental years in tree life indicating tree vigor (C r a b b e 1987). The type of syllepsis u1timately determines future natural plant shape. Sylleptic branching could be used as an early characteristic to evaluate the later branching behavior of woody plant cultivars (Costes and Guedon 1997). Plant branching pattem is an important quality indicator for ornamental trees and shrubs (D e S i l v a et al. 1976, Kar h u 1997), landscape trees (H a s e r o d t and Snydor 1983) and fruittrees (Plich and Basak 1978, Quinlan and Pakenham 1981). An effective process of shaping ornamental plants aims to provide uniform appearance (ex. Azalea, Bougainvillea, Fuchsia, Geranium, Kolanchoe spp., et.) ar prevent tree breakage due to canopy malformation (ex. Callery pears) (Gerhold and M c E l r o y 1994, B a i l e y 1997). The use of quality branched fruit trees in the orchards greatly contributes to improved future performance since the laterals provide sites for flower bud setting. Various procedures are used to promote lateral-branch formation in young fruit and ornamental trees (K e e v e r and F o s t e r 1990, Vo l z et al. 1994). A direct effect of applying different techniques to promote branching is an improvement in tree structure, which is usually accompanied by both an increase in the amount of feathers and a thickening of the stem (Van 00 s ten 1978). In fruit trees, far more important, hawever, is a secondary effect of branching: the induction of earlier and heavier cropping of feathered trees at the initial stage of orchard establishment in comparison with their unfeathered counterparts (Johan n 1985, Q u i n l an 1985).

PL

Charakterystyczna cechą wielu gatunków roślin drzewiastych jest zdolność do tworzenia w pierwszym roku po okulizacji w szkółce bocznych pędów zwanych syleptycznymi. Obecność tych pędów w dużej mierze decyduje o szybkości wejścia roślin gatunków sadowniczych w okres owocowania, natomiast u drzew ozdobnych wpływa na ich walory estetyczne stanowiące isitny element architektury krajobrazu. Indukcja pędów syleptycznych uwarunkowana jest stopniem występowania dominacji dominacji wierzchołkowej, co ma swoje bezpośrednie źródło w genotypie danej rośliny. Ograniczenie dominacji wierzchołkowej jest odwrotnie proporcjonalne do syllepsis rośliny. Takie gatunki sadownicze jak brzoskwinie lub wiśnie charakteryzują się dużymi zdolnościami do wydawania pędów syleptycznych w przeciwieństwie do jabłoni lub czereśni, które pod tym względem wykazują duże zróżnicowanie między odmianami. Stymulowanie syllepsis polega na ograniczeniu lub eliminacji dominacji wierzchołkowej. Syllepsis roślin drzewiastych może być modyfikowane czynnikami biotycznymi jak podkładka oraz czynnikami abiotycznymi takimi jak klimat, gleba i technologia produkcji szkółkarskiej. Jednakże dominującą rolę w indukcji pędów syleptycznych odgrywają genetyczne predspozycje rośliny. Praca ta ma charakter przeglądowy i omawia wyniki wielu badań prowadzonych w ostatnich trzydziestu latach w wielu krajach nad anatomicznymi i morfologicznymi aspektami syllepsis (gatunek, odmiana, podkładka oraz korelacje między cechami jakościowymi okulantów), klimatycznymi warunkami indukcji i stymulacji wzrost pędów syleptycznych (temperatura i wilgotność powietrza oraz podłoża) oraz czynnikami technologicznymi, takimi jak sposoby rozmnażania, metody agrotechniczne i stosowanie syntetycznych bioregulatorów.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

maiden tree; bird cherry; apple; chemical induction; branching; branch formation; woody plant; environmental factor; lateral branch formation; plant branching

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Agrobotanica
• Rocznik: 2002
• Tom: 55
• Numer: 2
• Opis fizyczny: p.5-25,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Jacyna T

• Agricultural University of Lublin, Leszczynskiego 58, 20-086 Lublin, Poland

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