Time allocation of male and female raccoon dogs to pup rearing at the den

• Autorzy: Kauhala K. , Helle E. , Pietila H.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The proportion of time that male and female raccoon dogs Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834) spent at the den during pup rearing was studied in Finland using radio- tracking. Results were compared with the behaviour of some other canids. Male raccoon dogs spent even more time at the den than females, especially during the day when males remained almost 80% of the time at the den, but females only about 60%, The behaviour of males and females did not differ at night. Consequently, the behaviour of males differed at various times of day and night, but that of females did not. During the 1st month after birth pups were seldom left by themselves: during day both parents were often at the den, but at night only one of them was usually at the den. That males spend more time at the den with pups than females is common behaviour in the raccoon dog and the bat-eared fox Ofocyon megalotis. These canids feed on small food items that are difficult to carry to the den, especially if food is scarce and widely distributed. Instead, the female forages and nurses the pups, and the male guards the litter. In species with larger food items, the males usually carry food to the den. When food items are very large they cannot be carried to the den, but males and other pack members feed from the carcass and regurgitate food at the den.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

parental behaviour; male; racoon dog; pup rearing; Nyctereutes procyonoides; female

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Theriologica
• Rocznik: 1998
• Tom: 43
• Numer: 3
• Opis fizyczny: p.301-310,fig.

Twórcy

autor

Kauhala K.

• Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 6, FIN-00721 Helsinki, Finland

autor

Helle E.

autor

Pietila H.

Bibliografia

• Bihen M. 1982. Ontogeny of social behaviour related to feeding in the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) and the bush dog (Speothos venaticus). Journal of Zoology, London 196: 207-216.
• Clutton-Brock T. H. 1991. The evolution of parental care. Princeton University Press, Princeton: 1-352.
• Dietz J. M. 1984. Ecology and social organization of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 392: 1—51.
• Estes R. D. and Goddard J. 1967. Prey selection and hunting behavior of the African wild dog. The Journal of Wildlife Management 31: 52-70.
• Estes R. D. 1991. The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. The University of California Press, Berkeley: 1-611.
• Fox M. W. 1971. Behavior of wolves, dogs and related canids. Robert E. Kriegcr Publishing company, Inc., Malabar, Florida: 1-220.
• Geffen E. and Macdonald D. W. 1992. Small size and monogamy: spatial organization of Blanford's foxes, Vulpes cana. Animal Behavior 44: 1123-1130.
• Geffen E., Gompper M., Gittleman J, L„ Luth H.-K., Macdonald D. W. and Wayne R. K. 1996. Size, life history traits, and social organization in the Canidae: a réévaluation. The American Natu­ralist 147: 140-160.
• Helle E. and Kauhala K. 1991. Distribution history and present status of the raccoon dog in Finland. Holarctic Ecology 14: 278-286.
• Hersteinsson P. and Macdonald D. W. 1982. Some comparisons between red and arctic foxes, Vulpes vulpes and Atopcx lagopus, as revealed by radio tracking. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 49: 259-289.
• Ikeda H. 1983. Development of young and parental care of raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides uiuerrinus Temmick, in captivity. Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan 9: 229-235.
• Kauhala K. 1996. Reproductive strategies of the raccoon dog and the red fox in Finland. Acta Theriologica 41: 51-58.
• Kauhala K. and Helle E. 1994. Home ranges and monogamy of the raccoon dog in southern Finland. Suomen Riista 40: 32-41. |In Finnish with English summary]
• Kauhala K., Helle E. and Taskinen K. 1993a. Home range of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyo­noides) in southern Finland. Journal of Zoology, London 231: 95-106.
• Kauhala K., Kaunisto M. and Helle E. 1993b. Diet of the raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides, in Finland. Zeitschrift filr Saugetierkunde 58: 129-136.Kauhala K., Laukkanen P. and von Rege I. 1998. Summer food composition and food niche overlap of the raccoon dog, red fox and badger in Finland. Ecography (in press).
• Kleiman D. G. 1977. Monogamy in mammals. The Quarterly Review of Biology 52: 39-69.
• Kleiman D. G. and Eisenberg J. F. 1973. Comparisons of canid and fetid social systems from an evolutionary perspective. Animal Behaviour 21: 637-659.
• Krieg H. 1948. Zwischen Anden und Atlantik. Reisen eines Biologen in Südamerika. C. Hanser, Munich: 1-481.
• Kühme W. 1965. Communal food distribution and division oflabour in African hunting dogs. Nature (London) 205: 443-444.
• Lamprecht J. 1979. Field observations on the behaviour and social system of the bat-eared fox Otocyon rnegalotis Desmarest. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 49: 260-284.
• Lavrov N. P. 1971. IThe results of introductions of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in different provinces in the USSR.I Trudy Kafedry Biologii MGZPI 29: 101-160. [In Russian]
• Lindström E. R. 1994. Large prey for small cubs - on crucial resources of a boreal red fox population. Ecography 17: 17-22.
• Macdonald D. W. 1979. Helpers in fox society. Nature (London) 282: 69-71.
• Macdonald D. W. 1987. Running with the fox. Unwin Hyman, London: 1-224.
• Macdonald D. W. and Barrett P. 1993. Mammals of Britain and Europe. Harper Collins Publishers, London: 1-312.
• Mackie A. J. and Nel J. A. J. 1989. Habitat selection, home range use, and group size of bat-eared foxes in the Orange Free State. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 19: 135-139.
• Malcolm J, R. 1986. Socio-ecology of bat-eared foxes (Otocyon rnegalotis). Journal of Zoology, London 208: 457-467.
• Malcolm J. R. and Marten K. 1982. Natural selection and the communal rearing of pups in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10: 1-13.
• Mech L. D. 1970. The Wolf: Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species. Natural History Press, New York: 1-384.
• Mech L. D. 1974. Canis lupus. Mammalian Species 37: 1-6.
• Mech L. D. 1975. The status of the wolf in the United States, 1973. [In: Wolves: Proceedings of the First Working Meeting of the Wolf Specialists and of the First International Conference on Conservation of the Wolf. D. H. Pimlott, ed|. IUCN Pubt. New Ser. Suppl. Paper No. 43: 83-88.
• Moehlman P. D. 1986. Ecology of cooperation in canids. [In: Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution: Birds and mammals. D. I. Rubenstein and R. W. Wrangham, eds|. Princeton University Press, Princeton: 64-86.
• Moehlman P. D. 1992. Introduction. |In: Wild dogs: The Natural History of the Nondomestic Canidae. J. W. Sheldon], Academic Press, Inc., San Diego: 1-3.
• Mäkinen A., Kuokkanen M. T. and Valtonen M. 1986. A chromosome-banding study in the Finnish and Japanese raccoon dog. Hereditas 105: 97—105.
• Net J. A. J. 1978. Notes on the food and foraging behaviour of the bat-eared fox, Otocyon rnegalotis. Bulletin Carnegie Museum of Natural History 6: 132-137.
• Net J. A. J. and Mackie A. J. 1990. Food and foraging behaviour of bat-eared foxes in the south­-eastern Orange Free State. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 20: 162-166.
• Nel J. A. J., Mills M. G. L. and Van Aarde R. J. 1984. Fluctuating group size in bat-eared foxes (Otocyon m. rnegalotis) in the south-western Kalahari. Journal of Zoology, London 203: 294-298.
• Pienaar U., de Van 1969. Predator-prey relationships amonst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 12: 108-176.
• Rasmussen J. L. and Tilson R. L. 1984. Food provisioning by adult maned wolfes (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 49: 260-284.
• Sasaki H. and Kawabata M. 1994. Food habits of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides viuerrinus in a mountainous area of Japan. Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan 19: 1-8.
• Sheldon W. G. 1949. Reproductive behaviour of foxes in New York State. Journal of Mammalogy 30: 236-246.
• Sheldon J. W. 1992. Wild dogs: The Natural History of the Nondomestic Canidae. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego: 1-248.
• Silveira E. K. P., da 1968. Notes on the care and breeding of the maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus at Brasilia Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 8: 21-23.
• Storm G. L. 1965. Movements and activities of foxes as determined by radio-tracking. The Journal of Wildlife Management 29: 1-13.
• Ward O. G. and Wurster-Hill D. H. 1990. Nyctereutes procyonoides. Mammalian Species 358: 1-5.
• Yamamoto I. 1987. Male parental care in the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides during the early rearing period. ¡In: Animal Societies: Theories and Facts. Y, Ito, J. L. Brown and J. Kikkawa, eds], Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo: 189-195.