Alternatywne metody kontroli liczebnosci szkodnikow i patogenow

• Autorzy: Duda M , Dubert F
• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Najczęstszym źródłem mechanicznych uszkodzeń roślin jest żerowanie owadów - agrofagów, których liczebność musi być kontrolowana. Przez ponad 50 lat dominującą strategią zwalczania szkodników było stosowanie pestycydów, które jednak w wyniku długotrwałego stosowania indukują odporność agrofagów na te chemikalia. Skuteczność zintegrowanych metod zwalczania szkodnika wymaga, aby insektycydy były używane z minimalnym wpływem na środowisko i naturalnych wrogów agrofagów (ich pasożytów lub drapieżców). Podejmowane są badania nad zastąpieniem pestycydów nietoksycznymi produktami pochodzenia biologicznego, wprowadza się także zmodyfikowane genetycznie rośliny (GMO), posiadające geny odporności na szkodniki i choroby. Rośliny dysponują szeregiem mechanizmów odporności, jak lignifikacja ściany komórkowej, synteza wosków pokrywających powierzchnię liści, wytwarzanie toksyn i metabolitów wtórnych oraz uruchamianie sygnałów chemicznych emitowanych w celu wabienia naturalnych wrogów agrofagów. Manipulowanie zależnościami w układzie roślina-agrofag-drapieżca/pasożyt agrofaga może usprawnić kontrolę szkodników i zredukować ilość zużywanych pestycydów. Praca zawiera przegląd różnych biologicznych metod zwalczania szkodników.

EN

Many kinds of pests are one of the main reason of the yield loss of crop plants. Their quantity have to be under control. Fight against pest organisms with toxic chemicals has been the prevailing pest control strategy for over 50 years. However, a prolonged application of pesticides in agriculture often induced parasite resistance to these chemicals. Efficient integrated pest control requires that any insecticide used has an effect on the environment and the natural enemies of the pest as minimum as possible. The intensive studies are undertaken towards the substitute of traditional pesticides for non-toxic biological products. Genetically modified plants with introduced genes of the resistance to pests and diseases are more and more widely used, as well as biological control with a full spectrum of organisms and natural products including pheromones and volatile compounds emitted by plants. Plants possess a range of resistance mechanisms such as a cell wall lignification, synthesis of leaf waxes, toxins and secondary metabolites, and induction of chemical signals in injured plants to attract natural enemies of agro phages. Manipulating with the relations of plant-pest-predator/parasite of agrophage may result in better pest control and the reduced amount of pesticides used.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

patogeny; biologiczne metody ochrony roslin; szkodniki roslin; moluskocydy; wrogowie naturalni; rosliny transgeniczne; repelenty; liczebnosc; antyfidanty; olejki eteryczne; feromony; olejki roslinne; monitoring; atraktanty

EN

pathogen; biological plant protection; plant pest; molluscicide; natural enemy; transgenic plant; repellent; pest number; antifeedant; essential oil; pheromone; plant oil; monitoring; attractant

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych
• Rocznik: 2006
• Tom: 509
• Opis fizyczny: s.413-430,bibliogr.

Twórcy

autor

Duda M

• Zaklad Fizjologii Roslin, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, ul.Sokolowska 26, 36-100 Kolbuszowa

autor

Dubert F

• Instytut Fizjologii Roslin im. Francizska Gorskiego, PAN, Krakow

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