EN
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) of conifers for clonal propagation has emerged from its earliest beginnings in 1980 to become an integral component of tree improvement strategies. With its capacity for long-term germplasm preservation and scale-up technologies,it is seen to be the preferred avenue to accelerate selection and operational deployment of value-added genotypes. At present,programs for numerous species from the Pinaceae family are underway worldwide,with activities ranging from selection trials to pilot production for plantation forestry. This paper will provide a review of current efforts in conifer SE including cryopreservation,commercialization and deployment strategies,and transgenics. A discussion of challenges and issues is directed at genetic fidelity, intellectual property and future needs.