PL
W artykule, na przykładzie wysiedlonej w 1946 r. bojkowskiej wsi Berehy Górne, poddano analizie trwałość dawnego krajobrazu wiejskiego. Przedmiotem badań były przekształcenia zbiorowisk nieleśnych w ciągu ostatnich 150 lat w obrębie tzw. „krainy dolin”, obejmującej niższą część piętra regla dolnego. Wyróżniono i szczegółowo scharakteryzowano okresy, w których dynamika oraz kierunki przemian zbiorowisk nieleśnych warunkowane były zmiennymi formami i natężeniem oddziaływań antropogenicznych. Siłę oddziaływania i dominujący wpływ warunków naturalnych oraz specyfiki społeczno-gospodarczej wsi na różnych etapach jej rozwoju rozpatrzono w trzech umownych skalach: makro, mezo i mikro. Przedstawiono, uwzględniając probabilistyczną naturę systemów, prognozę zmian opisywanych układów krajobrazowych w ciągu następnych kilkudziesięciu lat. Na zakończenie opisano współczesną dyferencjację dawnego krajobrazu wiejskiego w Bieszczadach Wysokich, odwołując się do generalnych właściwości systemu określających jego stabilność i stopień odkształceń
EN
Today processes of renaturalization of natural environment occur mainly in rural regions with the high rate of gradual depopulation or administrative forced displacement of inhabitants. In Poland, the special place is the area of Western Bieszczady Mountain Range. All the inhabitants of the highest part of this region were displaced for political purposes in years 1946–1947. The detailed field investigations were carried out in part of natural-historical system called “country of valleys” – exactly in place of the former Boykos’ village Berehy Górne. The basic aim of the article has been answer on question: could it be, however, that the typical tendency of nature to eliminate the effects of human activity can lead to erasing all of the traces of anthropogenic systems that had been formed throughout several centuries? What is the landscape capability to restore the state being in place before disturbance? The detailed results of the analyses, mainly connected with changes of non-forest plant communities of the lower forest zone, allowed for the formulation of several conclusions. In the rural landscape development of the High Bieszczady Mountains during the recent 150 years, one may distinguish a number of stages determined by socio-economic history of the entire region: animal and plant farming (mid-19th century – 1914/1918), unstable plant and animal farming (in years 1918–1939/1946), unrestrained re-naturalization (1946–1960), secondary anthropogenic pressure (1960 – the end of the 70s), as well as supported re-naturalization (since the beginnings of the 80s). The present-day landscape picture with regard to biotic sphere, irrespective of the secondary anthropogenic pressure influences, is still connected, to a large extent, with the countryside scenery shaped by the former farming and structure of the land property. Nowadays, similarly as in the days of Boyko people, the described rural landscape can be viewed in three different spatial scales: macro (the main structure of the forest and non-forest formations), mezo (toposequence of actual vegetation communities) as well as micro (local diversity). In the subsequent years, the changes in vegetation will include unification of a dynamic status (disappearance of regenerative stages) and a decreasing share by area of substitute assemblages, leading as a result to reduction, at the landscape level, in phytocenosis diversity (heterogeneity) triggered also by drop in number of patches (elimination, consolidation), alongside with simultaneous growth in their size. Increasing homogeneity at the landscape level and heterogeneity at the regional level mainly thanks to growing differences between cultivation and abandoned areas. It can be assumed that the former rural landscape of the High Bieszczady Mountains is currently a consequence of renaturalization progressing from euhemorobic, through mezohemorobic, to oligohemorobic geoecosystems, and that this landscape is characterized by natural prevalence of morphodynamics, local transformations in the relief, occasional timber harvesting, as well as by occurrence of both flora similar to potential vegetation and to extensively utilized meadows and grazing lands.