Chytridiomikoza - smiertelne zagrozenie dla plazow

• Autorzy: Sura P , Janulis E. , Profus P.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Chytridiomycosis - a mortal danger for amphibians

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Mikroskopijny grzyb pasożytniczy Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) wywołujący chytridiomikozę u płazów został formalnie opisany w 1999 roku. Choroba ta jest obecnie główną przyczyną wymierania wielu gatunków pochodzących z różnych obszarów na sześciu kontynentach. Cykl życiowy grzyba rozpoczyna się w komórkach epidermalnych, gdzie zoospory encystują się, ich witka ulega resorpcji i powstają zoosporangia, które pękając w sprzyjających warunkach uwalniają zoospory infekujące naskórek kolejnych osobników. Bd może wywoływać hiperkeratozę, co zaburza osmoregulację i oddychanie, a także może zatruwać płaza wydzielanymi toksynami. Wiele danych wskazuje na afrykańskie pochodzenie choroby, a za jej rozprzestrzenianie odpowiada ogólnoświatowy handel płazami i wprowadzanie obcych gatunków, szczególnie afrykańskiej platanny Xenopus leavis i północno-amerykańskiej żaby ryczącej Lithobates castesbeianus na nowe tereny. Ten niebezpieczny grzyb został w tym roku po raz pierwszy zidentyfikowany w Polsce. Niemiecko-szwajcarski zespół badawczy w 161 przebadanych próbkach znalazł 29 zarażonych żab zielonych Pelophylax sp. w pięciu miejscach naszego kraju

EN

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd ) named in 1999, is a chytrid fungus that causes chytridiomycosis in amphibians and is a proximate driver of declines in global amphibian biodiversity. Its life cycle starts within the host epidermal cells where a zoospore forms a spherical thallus, which matures and produces new zoospores by dividing asexually. Then zoospores are released to the skin surface renewing the cycle of infection. It is believed that Bd may cause hyperkeratosis, thereby impeding respiration or water balance, or hosts might be poisoned by a fungal toxin. Bd infects an extraordinarily broad diversity of host species of both larval, juvenile, and adult stages, and appears to have the widest host range of any known pathogen being found on all continents except Antarctica. This observation is consistent with the argument that Bd is a recently evolved generalist emerging pathogen. Bd is diploid and highly heterozygous suggesting that the globalized lineage is the product of a mating between two nonidentical but closely related, heterothallic, parental strains. Bd infection was present in Xenopus spp. across sub-Saharan Africa by the 1930s, providing additional support for the ‘out of Africa’ hypothesis. Current evidence suggests that the world trade in amphibians, especially Xenopus leavis and Lithobates castesbeianus, has been a cause of a dynamic spread of the disease to new areas. Some species may serve as disease reservoirs because they can carry Bd infections without morbidity. This year this invasive fungus was for the first time identified in Poland. The German-Swiss research team examined 161 samples, of which 29 green frogs Pelophylax sp. collected in 5 sampling sites in Poland were infested (T. Ohst – pers. comm)

Słowa kluczowe

PL

plazy; choroby zwierzat; chytridiomikoza; grzyby pasozytnicze; Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; zagrozenia zwierzat; wymieranie zwierzat

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą
• Rocznik: 2010
• Tom: 66
• Numer: 6
• Opis fizyczny: s.406-421,tab.,fot.,bibliogr.

Twórcy

autor

Sura P

• Zaklad Biologii Rozwoju Czlowieka, Uniwersytet Jagiellonski w Krakowie, ul.Kopernika 7, 31-034 Krakow

autor

Janulis E.

autor

Profus P.

Bibliografia

• Adams M.J., Galvan S., Scalera R., Grieco C., Sindaco R. 2008. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibian populations in Italy. Herpetol. Rev. 39: 324-326.
• Alford R.A., Richards S.J. 1999. Global amphibian declines: a problem in applied ecology. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 30: 133-165.
• Bai C., Garner T.W.J., Li Y. 2010. First evidence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in China: Discovery of chytridiomycosis in introduced American bullfrogs and native amphibians in the Yunnan Province, China. EcoHealth 7: 127-134.
• Beebee T.J.C., Griffiths R.A. 2005. The amphibian decline crisis: A watershed for conservation biology? Biol. Conserv. 125: 271-285.
• Berger L., Hyatt A.D., Speare R., Longcore J.E. 2005. Life cycle stages of the amphibian chytrid Batrachochy- trium dendrobatidis. Dis. Aquat. Org. 68: 51-63.
• Berger L., Speare R., Daszak P., Green D.E., Cunningham A.A., Goggin C.L., Slocombe R., Ragan M.A., Hyatt A.D., Mc Donald K.R., Hines H.B., Lips K.R., Marantelli G., Parkes H. 1998. Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 9031-9036.
• Berger L., Speare R., Hyatt A.D. 1999. Chytrid fungi and amphibian decline: overview implications and future directions. W: Campbell A. (red.). Declines and Disappearance of Australian frogs. Environment Australia, Canberra: 23-33.
• Bielby J., Bovero S., Sotgiu G., Tessa G., Favelli M., Angelini C., Doglio S., Clare F.C., Gazzaniga E., Lapietra F., Garner T.W.J. 2009. Fatal chytridio- mycosis in the Tyrrhenian painted frog. EcoHealth 6: 27-32.
• Blaustein A.R., Bancroft B.A. 2007. Amphibian population declines: Evolutionary considerations. BioScience 57: 437-444.
• Blaustein A.R., Romansic J.M., Kiesecker J.M., Hatch A.C. 2003. Ultraviolet radiation, toxic chemicals and amphibian population declines. Diver. Di- strib. 9: 123-140.
• Bosch J., Carrascal L.M., Durán L., Walker S., Fisher M.C. 2007. Climate change and outbreaks of amphibian chytridiomycosis in a montane area of Central Spain; is there a link? Proc. R. Soc. B 274: 253-260.
• Bosch J., Martínez-Solano I. 2006. Chytrid fungus infection related to unusual mortalities of Salamandra salamandra and Bufo bufo in the Panalara Natural Park, Spain. Oryx 40: 84-89.
• Bosch J., Martínez-Solano I., García-Paris M. 2001. Evidence of a chytrid fungus infection involed in the decline of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in protected areas of central Spain. Biol. Conserv. 97: 331-337.
• Bovero S., Sotgiu G., Angelini C., Doglio S., Gazzaniga E., Cunningham A.A., Garner T.W.J. 2008. Detection of chytridiomycosis caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the endangered sardinian newt (Euproctus platycephalus) in Southern Sardinia, Italy. J. Wildl. Dis. 44: 712-715.
• Briggs C.J., Knapp R.A., Vredenburg V.T. 2010. Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 9695-9700.
• Brunner J.L., Richards K., Collins J.P. 2005. Dose and host characteristics influence virulence of rana- virus infections. Oecologia 144: 399-406.
• Carver S., Bell B.D., Waldman B. 2010. Does chy- tridiomycosis disrupt amphibian skin function? Copeia 2010: 487-495.
• Chinchar VG. 2002. Ranaviruses (Family Iridoviri- dae): emerging cold-blooded killers - brief review. Arch. Virol. 147: 447-470.
• Collins J.P, Crump M.L. 2009. Extinction in Our Times: Global Amphibian Decline. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• Collins J.P., Storfer A. 2003. Global amphibian declines: sorting the hypotheses. Divers. Distrib. 9: 89-98.
• Conlon J.M., Iwamuro S., King J.D. 2009. Dermal cytolytic peptides and the system of innate immunity in anurans. Trends in Comparative Endocrinology and Neurobiology: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1163: 75-82.
• Daszak P., Cunningham A.A., Hyatt A.D. 2003. Infectious disease and amphibian population declines. Divers. Distrib. 9: 141-150.
• Diaz de Pascual A., Guerrero C. 2008. Diet composition of bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana (Anura: Ranidae) introduced into the Venezuelan Andes. Herpetol. Rev. 39: 425-427.
• Drake D.L., Altig R., Grace J.B., Walls S.C. 2007. Occurrence of oral deformities in larval anurans. Copeia 2007: 449-458.
• Dressen S., Ohst T., Plötner J., Gräser Y., Hoffmann A., Pruvost N., Reyer H.-U. (w przygotowaniu). Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Poland? - Apreliminary survey of Central European water frog populations. Chrońmy Przyr. Ojcz. 67.
• Faraóne F.P., Lillo F., Giacalone G., Valvo M.L. 2008. The large invasive population of Xenopus laevis in Sicily, Italy. Amphibia-Reptilia 29: 405-412.
• Ficetola G.F., Coic C., Detaint M., Berroneau M., Lo- rvelec O., Miaud C. 2007. Pattern of distribution of the American bullfrog Rana catesbeiana in Europe. Biol. Invas. 9: 767-772.
• Fisher M.C., Garner T.W.J. 2007. The relationship between the emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the international trade in amphibians and introduced amphibian species. Fungal Biol. Rev. 21: 2-9.
• Fisher M.C., Garner T.W.J., Walker S.F. 2009. Global emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and amphibian chytridiomycosis in space, time, and host. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 63: 291-310.
• Fouquet A., Measey G.J. 2006. Plotting the course of an African clawed frog invasion in Western France. Anim. Biol. 56: 95-102.
• Garner T.W.J., Perkins M.W., Govindarajulu P., Seglie D., Walker S., Cunningham A.A., Fischer M.C. 2006. The emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Biol. Lett. 2: 455-459.
• Garner T.W.J., Walker S., Bosch J., Hyatt A.D., Cunningham A.A., Fischer M.C. 2005. Chytrid fungus in Europe. Emerg. Infec. Dis. 11: 1639-1641.
• Garner T.W.J., Garcia G., Carroll B., Fisher M.C. 2009a. Using Itraconazole to clear Batrachochy- trium dendrobatidis infection and subsequent depigmentation of Alytes muletensis tadpoles. Dis. Aquat. Org. 83: 257-260.
• Garner T.W.J., Walker S., Bosch J., Leech S., Rowclif- fe J.M., Cunningham A.A., Fischer M.C. 2009b. Life history tradeoffs influence mortality associated with the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Oikos 118: 783-791.
• Johnson M.L., Speare R. 2005. Possible modes of dissemination of the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the environment. Dis. Aquat. Org. 65: 181-186.
• Johnson P.T.J., Sutherland D.R. 2003. Amphibian deformities and Ribeiroia infection: an emerging helminthiasis. Trends Parasit. 19: 332-335.
• Johnson P.T.J., Sutherland D.R., Kinsella J.M., Lunde K.B. 2004. Review of the trematode genus Ribeiroia (Psilostomidae): Ecology, life history and pathogenesis with special emphasis on the amphibian malformation problem. Adv. Parasitol. 57: 191-253.
• Kaefer I.L., Boelter R.A., Cechin S.Z. 2007. Reproductive biology of the invasive bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus in southern Brazil. Ann. Zool. Fennici 44: 435-444.
• Kiesecker J.M., Blaustein A.R., Belden L.K. 2001. Complex causes of amphibian population declines. Nature 410: 681-684.
• Killpatrick A.M., Briggs C.J., Daszak P. 2009. The ecology and impact of chytridiomycosis: an emerging disease of amphibians. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25: 109-118.
• Kriger K.M., Hero J. 2009. Chytridiomycosis, amphibian extinctions, and lessons for the prevention of future panzootics. EcoHealth 6: 6-10.
• Kusrini M.D., Skerratt L.F., Garland S., Berger L., Endarwin W. 2008. Chytridiomycosis in frogs of Mount Gede Pangrango, Indonesia. Dis. Aquat. Org. 82: 187-194.
• Lam B.A., Walke J.B., Vredenburg V.T., Harris R.N. 2010. Proportion of individuals with anti-Batra- chochytrium dendrobatidis skin bacteria is associated with population persistence in the frog Rana muscosa. Biol. Conserv. 143: 529-531.
• Lannoo M. (red.). 2005. Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. University of California Press, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London.
• Laufer G., Canavero A., Nunez D., Maneyro R. 2008. Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) invasion in Uruguay. Biol. Invas. 10: 1183-1189.
• Li J., Xu X., Xu C., Zhou W, Zhang K., Yu H., Zhang Y., Zheng Y., Rees H.H., Lai R., Yang D., Wu J. 2007. Anti-infection peptidomics of amphibian skin. Mol. Cellular Proteomics 6: 882-894.
• Licht L.E., Grant K.P. 1997. The effects of ultraviolet radiation on the biology of amphibians. Am. Zool. 37: 137-145.
• Lips K.R., Brem F., Brenes R., Reeve J.D., Alford R.A., Voyles J., Carey C., Livo L., Pessier A.P., Collins J.P. 2006. Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity in a Neotropical am-phibian community. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 3165-3170.
• Lobos G., Measey G.J. 2002. Invasive populations of Xenopus laevis (Daudin) in Chile. Herpetol. J. 12: 163-168.
• Longcore J.E., Pessier A.P., Nichols D.K. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227.
• Mazzoni R., Cunningham A.A., Daszak P., Apolo A., Perdomo E., Speranza G. 2003. Emerging pathogen of wild amphibians in frogs (Rana cates- beiana) farmed for international trade. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9: 995-998.
• Measey G.J. 2001. Growth and ageing of feral Xenopus laevis (Daudin) in South Wales, UK. J. Zool. 254: 547-555.
• Meteyer C.U. 2000. Field guide to malformations of frogs and toads with radiographic interpretations. Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/ BSR-2000-0005.
• Morehouse E.A., James T.Y., Ganley A.R.D., Vilgalys R., Berger L., Murphy P.J., Longcore J.E. 2003. Multilocus sequence typing suggests the chytrid pathogen of amphibians is a recently emerged clone. Mol. Ecol. 12: 395-403.
• Morgan J.A., Vredenburg V.T., Rachowicz L.J., Knapp R.A., Stice M.J., Tunstall T., Bingham R.E., Parker J.M., Longcore J.E., Moritz C., Briggs C.J., Taylor J.W 2007. Population genetics of the frog-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 13845-13850.
• Mutschmann F., Berger L., Zwart P., Gaedicke C. 2000. Chytridiomykose bei Amphibien - erstmaliger Nachweis für Europa. Berl. Münch. Tie- rärztl. Wochenschr. 113: 380-383.
• Nichols D.K., Pessier A.P., Longcore J.E. 1998. Cutaneous chytridiomycosis in amphibians: an emerging disease? Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians/American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, Joint conference 1998. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Pennsylvania: 269-271.
• Ohst T., Plötner J., Mutschmann F., Gräser Y. 2006. Chytridiomykose - eine Infektionskrankheit als Ursache des globalen Amphibiensterbens? Z. f. Feldherpetologie 13: 149-163.
• Parris M.J., Cornelius T.O. 2004. Fungal pathogen causes competitive and developmental stress in larval amphibian communities. Ecology 85: 3385-3395.
• Pennisi E. 2003. Modernizing the Tree of Life. Science 300: 1692-1697.
• Pessier A.P., Nichols D.K., Longcore J.E., Fuller M.S. 1999. Cutaneous chytridiomycosis in poison dart frogs (Dendrobates spp.) and White’s tree frogs (Litoria caerulea). J. Vet. Diag. Invest. 11:194-199.
• Piotrowski J.S., Annis S.L., Longcore J.E. 2004. Physiology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians. Mycologia 96: 9-15.
• Pounds J.A. 2001. Climate and amphibian declines. Nature 410: 639-640.
• Pounds J.A., Bustamante M.R., Coloma L.A. Consu- egra J.A., Fogden M.P.L., Foster P.N., La Marca E., Masters K.L., Merino-Viteri A., Puschendorf R., Ron S.R., Sánchez-Azofeifa G.A., Still C.J., Young B.E. 2006. Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature 439: 161-167.
• Rachowicz L.J., Vredenburg VT. 2004. Transmission of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis within and between amphibian life stages. Dis. Aquat. Org. 61: 75-83.
• Richards-Zawacki C.L. 2010. Thermoregulatory behaviour affects prevalence of chytrid fungal infection in a wild population of Panamanian golden frogs. Proc. R. Soc. B 277: 519- 528.
• Rollins-Smith L.A., Carey C., Longcore J., Doersam J.K., Boutte A., Bruzgal J.E., Conlon J.M. 2002. Activity of antimicrobial skin peptides from ranid frogs against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the chytrid fungus associated with global amphibian declines. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 26: 471-479.
• Rollins-Smith L.A., Reinert L.K., O’Leary C.J., Houston L.E., Woodhams D.C. 2005. Antimicrobial peptide defenses in amphibian skin. Integr. Comp. Biol. 45: 137-142.
• Rosenblum E.B., Voyles J., Poorten T.J., Stajich J.E. 2010. The deadly chytrid fungus: A story of an emerging pathogen. PLoS Pathog. 6: e1000550. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000550.
• Rovito S.M., Parra-Olea G., Vasquez-Almazan C.R., Papenfuss T.J., Wake D.B. 2009. Dramatic declines in neotropical salamander populations are an important part of the global amphibian crisis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 3231-3236.
• Rödder D., Kielgast J., Bielby J., Schmidtlein S., Bosch J., Garner T.W.J., Veith M., Walker S., Fisher M.C., Lötters S. 2009. Global amphibian extinction risk assessment for the panzootic chytrid fungus. Diversity 1: 52-66.
• Rödder D., Schulte U. 2010. Amphibien und Reptilien im anthropogenen Klimawandel: Was wissen wir und was erwarten wir? Z. f. Feldherpetologie 17: 1-22.
• Scalera R., Adams M.J., Galvan S.K. 2008. Occurrence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibian populations in Denmark. Herpetol. Rev. 39: 199-200.
• Schloegel L.M., Hero J., Berger L., Speare R., McDonald K., Daszak P. 2006. The decline of sharpsnouted day frog (Taudactylus acutirostris): the first case of extinction by infection in a free-ranging wildlife species? EcoHealth 3: 35-40.
• Schmidt B.R., Furrer S., Kwet A., Lötters S., Rödder D., Sztatecsny M., Tobler U., Zumbach S. 2009. Desinfektion als Maßnahme gegen die Verbreitung der Chytridiomycose bei Amphibien. W: Hachtel M., Schlüpmann M., Thiesmeier B., Weddeling K. (red.). Methoden der Feldherpetologie, Suppl. d. Z. f. Feldherpetologie 15: 229-241.
• Simoncelli F., Fagotti A., Dall’Olio R., Vagnetti D., Pascolini R., Di Rosa I. 2005. Evidence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in water frogs of the Rana esculenta complex in central Italy. EcoHealth 2: 307-312.
• Skerratt L.F., Berger L., Speare R., Cashins S., McDonald K.R., Phillott A.D., Hines H.B., Kenyon N. 2007. Spread of chytridiomycosis has caused the rapid global decline and extinction of frogs. EcoHealth 4: 125-134.
• Soto-Azat C., Clarke B.T., Poynton J.C., Cunningham A.A. 2010. Widespread historical presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in African pipid frogs. Diver. Distrib. 16: 126-131.
• Stagni G., Dall’Olio R., Fusini U., Mazzotti S., Scoc- cianti C., Serra A. 2004. Declining populations of Apennine yellow bellied toad Bombina pachypus in northern Apennines (Italy): is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis the main cause? Italian J. Zool. 71 (Suppl 2): 5-13.
• Stagni G., Scoccianti C., Fusini R. 2002. Segnalazio- ne di chytridiomicosi in popolazioni di Bombina pachypus (Anura, Bombinatoridae) dell’Appen- nino tosco-emiliano. Abstracts - IV Congresso della Societas Herpetologica Italica, Napoli.
• Stuart S., Chanson J., Cox N., Young B., Rodrigues A., Fischman D., Waller R. 2004. Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science 306: 1783-1786.
• Teacher A.G.F., Cunningham A.A., Garner TW.J. 2010. Assessing the long-term impact of Ranavirus infection in wild common frog populations. Anim. Conserv. 13: 514-522.
• Toledo R.C., Jared C. 1995. Cutaneous granular glands and amphibian venoms. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 111A: 1-29.
• Voyles J., Young S., Berger L., Campbell C., Voyles W.F., Dinudom A., Cook D., Webb R., Alford R.A., Skerratt L.F., Speare R. 2009. Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines. Science 326: 582-585.
• Walker S., Bosch J., Leech S., Rowcliffe J.M., Cunningham A.A., Fischer M.C. 2009. Life history tradeoffs influence mortality associated with the amphibian pathogen. Oikos 118: 783-791.
• Webb R., Mendez D., Berger L. 2007. Additional disinfectants effective against the amphibian chy- trid fungus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 74: 13-16.
• Weldon C., du Preez L.H., Hyatt A.D., Muller R., Speare R. 2004. Origin of amphibian chytrid fungus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10: 2100-2105.
• Wood L.R., Griffiths R.A., Schley L. 2009. Amphibian chytridiomycosis in Luxembourg. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 110: 109-114.
• Yang H.J., Baek H.J., Speare R., Webb R., Park S.K., Kim T.H., Lasater K.C., Shin S.P., Son S.H., Park J.H., Min M.S., Kim Y.J., Na K., Lee H., Park S.C. 2009. First detection of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in free-ranging populations of amphibians on mainland Asia: survey in South Korea. Dis. Aquat. Org. 86: 9-13.