Energia powierzchniowa i wielkosci jej skladowych jako parametry okreslajace zwilzalnosc i stan agregacyjny wybranych mineralow ilastych i gleb

• Autorzy: Hajnos M

Warianty tytułu

EN

Surface energy and its components as parameters determining wettability and aggregation state of selected clay minerals and soils.

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

EN

In the present work problems related to surface free energy of different agricultural materials such as clay minerals, mineral soils, organic soils and forest litter were considered. Methodical investigations of surface free energy determination as well as fundamental investigations connected with the influence of the surface cations and organic substance on the wettability, free energy and interaction forces between clay minerals and soil particles were undertaken. The interaction forces between clay minerals and soil particles perform a fundamental role in aggregation, flocculation and forming of solids structure. In case of solids the surface free energy can be determined indirectly for example from the measured contact angles or from the adsorption values (by determination of film pressure jt) with appropriate theoretical assumptions. Such methods were applied in this paper to determine surface free energy components for clay minerals and soils. Because of difficulties in contact angle measurements by sessile drop method (especially for organic soils and humus) thin layer wicking or thin column wicking technique were applied. The investigations of penetration rates of water and organic liquids carried out for clay minerals and their mono ionic forms showed the close dependence between the kind of mineral and surface cation. The linear dependence of penetration rates was obtained at the lowest penetration times for bentonite and the highest for kaolin. The kind and properties (e.g. radius of hydrated ions) play in this case an important role. The empiric series of wettability, depending on clay mineral and surface cation were determined experimentally. Similar measurements were performed for clay minerals with increasing additions of humic acid and for different soils. On the basis of the measurements the surface free energy components apolar and polar (electron-acceptor and electron-donor) were calculated and correlated with the kind of clay mineral, surface cation and humic acid content. The investigations for soils show that the penetration times depend on the soil samples. Contact angle values for investigated samples were also calculated. From the water vapour adsorption measurements on the surfaces of modified clay minerals and soils the water film pressure values were calculated for one or three monolayers and compared with the work of adhesion and immersion. For soil materials surface free energy had real influence on structure formation or its changes. The organic matter and surface cations had an important role in creation of soil structure.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

agrofizyka; gleby; gleby organiczne; gleby mineralne; mineraly ilaste; prochnica; prochnica lesna; kwasy huminowe; struktura gleb; zwilzalnosc; zwilzalnosc gleb; powierzchnia gleb; agregaty glebowe; energia powierzchniowa

EN

soil; organic soil; mineral soil; clay mineral; humus; forest humus; humic acid; soil structure; wettability; soil wettability; soil surface; soil aggregate; surface free energy

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Agrophysica
• Rocznik: 1999
• Tom: 17
• Opis fizyczny: s.1-112,rys.,tab.,wykr.,bibliogr.

Twórcy

autor

Hajnos M

• Instytut Agrofizyki PAN, Lublin

Bibliografia

• 1. Adamson A. W.: Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 4th Ed,., John Willey & Sons, New York, pp. 445, 424-425, 1982.
• 2. Alekseeva T.V., Alekseev A.O., Morgu n E.G., Józefa ci u k G., Hajnos M., Sokołowska Z.: Clay mineralogy and iron state as indicators of soil forming processes in typical soils of Lublin Upland region, Int.Agrophysics 7, 69-76, 1993.
• 3. Anderson M.A., Hung A.V.C., Mills D., Scott M.S.: Factors affecting the surfacc tension of soil solutions and solutions of humic acids, Soil Sei., 160(2), 11-116, 1995.
• 4. Arsova A., Ganev S., Urumova Peszeva A., Rodrigez Pascual C., Wierzchoœ J., Hajnos M., Józefaciuk G.: Ion exchange properties and composition of clay minerals from representative Polish soils, Soil Sci.Agrochem., 2, 30-40, 1990.
• 5. Bachmann J.: Benetzbarkeit in Zusammenhang mit dem Humifizierungsgrad der organischen Substanz und ihr Einfluß auf Infiltration und Wasscrretentionskurven, Z.f.Kulturtechnik und Landentwicklung, 37, 190-196, 1996.
• 6. Bachmann J.: Messung und simulation der anisothermen Feuchtebewegung in bene- tzungsgehemmten Mineralböden, Z. P flan zenern ähr, B oden k161, 147-155, 1998.
• 7. Bantignies J.L., Cartier dit Moulin Gh., Dexpert H.: Wettability contrasts in kaolinite and IIIite clays: characterisation by infrared and X-ray adsorption spectroscopies, Clay and Clay Minerals, 45(2), 184-193, 1997.
• 8. Barshad I.: The nature of lattice expansion and its relation to hydration in montmorillonite and vermiculite, Am, Min., 34, 675-684, 1949.
• 9. Bartell L.S., Ruch R.J.: The wetting of incomplete monomolecular layers. II. Correlation with molecular size and shape, J. Phys. Chem., 63 (7) 1045-1049, 1959.
• 10. Bernett M.K., Zisman W.A.: Relation of wetability by aqueous solutions to the surface constitution of low-energy solids, J. Phys. Chem., 63(8), 1241-1263, 1959.
• 11. Bialopiotrowicz T., Jañczuk B,: The effect of the droplet volume and hydrocarbon chain length on the detachment force in the sulphur/hydrocarbon drop/sulphur system, Can. J, Chem. Eng., 68, 415-419, 1990.
• 12. Blake T.D., Cayias J.L., Wade W.H., Zerdecki J.A.: Adsorption on flat surfaces. U Low-energy surfaces, J. Coll. lnterf. Sei., 37(4), 678-685, 1971.
• 13. Brochard-Wyart F.: Spreading of nonvolatile liquids in a continuum picture, Langmuir, 7, 335-338, 1991.
• 14. Brunauer S.: The Adsorption of Gases and Vapours, Princenton University Press, Princenton, 1945.
• 15. Burghardt W.: Bestimmung der B en etzungs ei gen Schäften von Moorbodenlösungen durch Kontaktwinkelmessung, 148,66-72, 1985.
• 16.Chassin P., Jounay C., Quiquampoix H.: Measurement of the surface free energy of calcium-montmorillonite, Clay Minerals, 21, 899-907, 1986.
• 17.Chassin P., Nakaya N., le Berre B.: Influence des substances humiques sur les propriétés des agriles. II. Adsorption des acides humiques et fulviques par la montmorillonitc, Clay Mineral, 12, 261-271, 1977.
• 18.Chen Y., Schnitzer M.: Viscosity Measurements on soil humic substances, Soil Sei. Soc. Am. J., 40, 866-872, 1976.
• 19.Chen Y., Schnitzer M.: The surface tension of aqueous solutions of soil humic substances, Soil Sei., 125(1), 7-15, 1978.
• 20.Chen Y., Senesi N., Schnitzer M.: Information provided on Humic Substances by EVEfi ratios, Soil Sei. Soc. Am. J., 41, 352-358, 1977,
• 21.Chibowski E.: Solid surface free energy components determination by the thin-layer wicking technique, J. Adehsion Sei. Techno!., 6(9), 1069-1090, 1992.
• 22.Chibowski E., Gonzales-Caballero P.: Theory and practice of thin layer wicking, Langmuir, 9,330, 1993.
• 23.Chibowski E., Holysz L,: Use of the Washburn equation for surface free energy determination, Langmuir, 8, 710-716, 1992.
• 24.Chibowski E., Staszczuk P.: Determination of surface free energy of kaolinite, Clays and Clay Minerals, 36(5), 455-461, 1988.
• 25.Dekker L.W., Ritsema C.J.: How water moves in a water repellent sandy soil 1. Potential and actual water repeliency, Water Resour.Res., 30(9), 2507-2517, 1994.
• 26.Dutkiewicz E.: Fizykochemia Powierzchni, Wyd. Nauk. Techn., sir. 1-224, 1998.
• 27.Ellies A., Hartge K.H.: Die Bestimmung des Benetzungswinkels an pulverformigen Substraten, Mitteilgn. Dtsch. Bodenkundl. Gesellsch., 22, 69-74, 1975.
• 28.Ellies A., Hartge K.H.: Bestimmung von Benetzungswinkeln an ververschiedenen Korn- und Aggregatfraktionen, Z.Pflanzenemnaehr. Bodenkd., 5, 589-596 spr numer, 1976.
• 29.Ellies A., Hartge K.H.: Veränderung der B en etzungs ei gen schaffen von Böden durch verschiedene Kulturen und Kultur dauern, Z.f.Kulturtechnik und Landentwicklung, 35, 358-364, 1994.
• 30.Elonen P.: Particle-size analysis of soil, Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Julkaisuja, ActaFennica, 122, 59-62, 1971.
• 31.Emmerson W.W., Bond R.D.: The rate of water entry into dry sand and calculation of the advancing contact angle, Aust. J. Soil Res., 1(1)9-16, 1962.
• 32.Fowkes F.M.: Attractive forces at interface, Ind. Eng. Chem., 56:12, 56:40, 1964.
• 33.Fowkes F.M.: Hydrophobic Surfaces, Acad. Press, New York, London, 1969.
• 34.Gawlik J.: The usefulness of water holding capacity index for evaluation of the state of secondary transformation of the peat soils (in Polish), Wiad. IMUZ, XVIII (4), 197-216, 1996.
• 35.Gawlik J.: Effect of the secondary transformation state of peat soils on their water holding capacity {in Polish), Wiad. IMUZ, XIX(l), 125-136, 1996.
• 36.Gernsternberg H.: Aufnahme von Trocknungskurven, Chem.Ing.Techn., 9,613-616, 1960.
• 37.Giese R.F., Constanzo P.M., van Oss C.J.: J. Phys. Chem. Miner. 17, 611, 1991.
• 38.Good R.J., Chaudhury M.K.: Theory of adhesive forces across interfaces .1. The Lifshitz-van der Waals component of interaction and adhesion, Fundamentals of adhesion, (edytor L.H.Lee) wyd. Plenum Press, N.Y., 1991.
• 39.Gu Y., Lin Z., Butera R.A., Smentkowski V.S., Waldeck D.H.: Preparation of self-assembled monolayers on InP, Langmuir, 11, 1849-1851, 1995.
• 40.Hajnos M.; Changes of soil material structure as affected by MAGN AFLOC type flocculanls {in Polish), Praca doktorska, ZA, PAN Lublin, 1978.
• 41.Hajnos M.: Influence ofhumic acid on the structural properties of kaolin - mercury porosimetry studies Intern. Agrophysics, 12, 185-192, 1998.
• 42.Hajnos M.: Mercury intrusion porosimetry as compared to other methods characterising microstructure of soil materials (in Polish), Z. Prob. Post. Nauk Roi., 461, 523-537, 1998.
• 43.Hajnos M., Matyka-Sarzyńska D.: Determination of surface free energy components of Kaolin by the thin-layer wicking technique,Polish J. Soil Sei., XXIX/l,39-45, 1996.
• 44.Hajnos M., Matyka-Sarzyńska D.: Comparison of receding contact angles and solid surface free energy components of modified kaolin from thin-layer wicking technique and sessile drop method, Polish J. Soil Sei,, XXX/1, 45-52, 1997.
• 45.Hajnos M., Soko³owska Z., Alekseev A.O., Akkseeva T.: Mineralogical components granulometrics typical loes soil of Lublin Upland region prepared wet and dry method (in Polish), Materiały Konferencji Naukowej LTN-IA PAN, Lublin, 18-19 września, str.61-63, 1997.
• 46.Hartge K.H., Ellies A.: Wetting properties and aggregate stability in volcanic soils of different age and different management - an investigation at a toposequence from southern Chile, Z.f.Kulturtechnik and Landentwicklung, 36, 35-39, 1995,
• 47.Hartge K.H., Kuntze H., Bach mann J,: Die Messung des Benetzungswinke Is von Bodenfilmen nach einem Plattenkontakt verfahren, Z. Pflanze nernnaehr. Bodenkd., 149, 332-339, 1986.
• 48.Heil D., Sposito G.: Organic matter role in illitie soil colloids flocculation. 1.Counter- ions and pH, Soil ScLSoc.Am.J., 57,1241-1246, 1993.
• 49.Heil D., Sposito G.: Organic matter role in illitic soil colloids flocculation. II. Surfac charge, Soil Sci, Soc. Am. J., 57,1246-1253, 1993.
• 50.Hołysz L.: Problems of surfac efree energy determinations and its rote in interface phenomena description (in Polish), Praca habilitacyjna, UMCS, str. 1-224, 1998.
• 51.Jańczuk B.: Studies on interface energy hanges under influence of organic liquids as measured by wettability and adhesion forces in mineral-air-liquid systems(in Polish), Praca habilitacyjna, UMCS, str. 1-140, 1984.
• 52.Jańczuk B., Bialopiotrowicz T.; Components of surface free energy of some clay minerals, Clays and Clay Minerals, 36(3), 243-248, 1988.
• 53.Jańczuk B., Bialopiotrowicz T., Kliszcz A.t Biliński B., Stawiński J.: Influence of polyacrylamide on the surface free energy and wettability of chernozem soil, Geoderma, 50, 173-184, 1991.
• 54.Jańczuk B., Bialopiotrowicz T., Zdzienicka A., Hajnos M., Józefaciuk G.: The influence of soil clay constituents on surface free energy of clay fractions, J. Soil. Sci., 43, 27-35, 1992.
• 55.Jańczuk B., Biliński B., Hajnos M., Kliszcz A., Bialopiotrowicz T,: Influence of oleic acid on wettability surface free energy of soil, Polish J. Soil Sci., XXIII/2,. 167-174, 1990.
• 56.Jańczuk B., Chibowski E., Bialopiotrowicz T.: Time dependence wettability of quartz with water, Chem. Papers, 40(3), 349-356, 1986.
• 57.Jańczuk B., Chibowski E.,Hajnos M., Zdziennicka A., Bialopiotrowicz T.: Determination of the surface free energy of a soil from contanct angle measurements, Polish J. Soil Sci., XXV/1, 55-61, 1992.
• 58.Jańczuk B., Chibowski E.,Bialopiotrowicz T., Hajnos M., Stawiński J.: The surface free energy components of homoionic bentonite from contact angle measurements, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 26, 375-394, 1990,
• 59 Jańczuk B., Chibowski E.,Hajnos M., Bialopiotrowicz T., Stawiński J.: Influence of exchangeable cations on the surface free energy of kaolinite as determined from contact angles, Clays and Clay Minerals, 37(3), 269-272, 1989.
• 60. Jańczuk B., Hajnos M., Zdzienicka A., Józefaciuk G.: The relationship between water film pressure and surface free energy of soil clay fraction Polish J. Soil Sci., XXIV/2, 131-138, 1991.
• 61. Jańczuk B., Hajnos M., Bialopiotrowicz T., Zdzienicka A., Biliński B,: Hydrophobization of the soil by dodecylammonium hydrochloride and changes of the components of its surface free energy, Soil Sci., 150, 5, 753-762, 1990.
• 62. Jańczuk B., Hołysz L., Bialopiotrowicz T,, Chibowski E.: Studies of dispersion and nondispersion components of the surface free energy of soil minerals in the presence of water film, Polish J. Soil Sci., XXll/l, 39-44, 1989.
• 63.Jańczuk B., Józefaciuk G., Białopiotrowicz T., Hajnos M., Zdzienicka A., Ganev S.: Surface free energy components of soil Ca-clays determination from contact angle measurements and their relations to soil constituents, Polish J. Soil Sri., XX1X/1,23-31, 1996.
• 64.Jańczuk B., Józefaciuk G., Hajnos M., Białopiotrowicz T., Kliszcz A.: Surface free energy of a soil clay fraction in relation to aggregate stability, Clay Minerals, 28, 145-148, 1993.
• 65.Jańczuk B., Zdzienicka A.: Interpretation of a contact angle in the system glass- liquid-air and gas-liquid-liquid, Indian J. Technology, 31, 136-142, 1993.
• 66.Jouany C.: Surface free energy components of clay-synthetic humic acid complexes from contact angle measurements, Clay an Clay Minerals, 39(1), 43-49, 1991.
• 67.Jouany C., Chassin P.: Determination of the surface energy of clay-organic complexes by contact angle measurements, Colloids and Surfaces, 27, 289-303, 1987.
• 68.Józefaciuk G., Sokołowska Z., Hajnos M., Hoffmann Ch., Rcnger M.: Large effect of leaching of DOC on water adsorption properties ofa sandy soil, Geoderma, 74, 125-137, 1996.
• 69.Józefaciuk G., Hajnos M., Sokołowska Z., Stawiński J., Polubesova T., Ponizowskij A.: Adhezion ofhumic acids to nonreactive surfaces: effect on surface free energy and wettability of glass, Int. Agrophysics, 7, 235-239, 1993.
• 70.Kallury K.M.R., Cheung M., Ghaemmaghami V., Kmll U.J., Thompson M.: Silanization of oxidized silicon and aluminium surfaces with functionalized silanes with characterization by wettability, ellipsometry, XPS and quartz crystal microbalance studies, Colloids and Surfaces, 63, 1-9, 1992.
• 71.Kasner B.: Die Bestimung von Komdurch messern mikroskopisch - disperser Phasen durch stufenweise automatisch Aufzeichnung von Gewichtsanderungen,C-I-T 4, 7, 274-280, 1960.
• 72.Kasner B.: Die automatisch KorngrSssenmessung mit Hilfe dcr Sedimcntationswaage, Industriezuiger, 68, 75-80, 1961,
• 73.Kononowa M.: Soil organic matter, its chemistry, properties and methods of studies (in Polish), PWRiL, 1968.
• 74.Konstankiewicz K., Stawiñski J.: The use of the mercury porosimeter for studies of some soil properties, Polish J, Soil Sci,, IX, 3-10, 1976.
• 75.Konstankiewicz K.: Soil porosity,definitions and methods (in Polish), Problemy Agrofizyki, 47, 1-70, 1985.
• 76.Konstankiewicz K., Ksiê¿o polska A,, Stawiñski J.: Application of mercury porosimetry to investigating microstructure of agricultural materials (in Polish), Zeszyty Probl. Post. Nauk Roi., 461, 503-521, 1998.
• 77.Kotlar S.L., Sparks B.D., LePage Y., Woods J.R.: Effect of particle size on the flocculation behaviour of ultra-fine clays in salt solutions, Clay Minerals, 33, 103-107, 1998.
• 78.Kozak E.: Methodical aspects of pore size distribution and fractal dimension estimation of soil materials (in Polish), Praca doktorska, IA PAN, Lublin, str.l - 130, 1994.
• 79.Kramers J.S., DeBano L.F.: Soil wettability: A neglected factor in walershet monogement, Water Resour. Res. J., 283-286, 1965.
• 80.Letey J., Osborn J,, Pelishek R.E.: Measurement of liquid-solid contact angles in soil and sand, Soil Sci., 93 (3), 149-153, 1962.
• 81.Malcolm B.R.: In Progress in Surface and Membrane Science, (Eds. Danielli J.F., Rosenberg M.D., Cadenhead D.A.), Academic Press, New York, p.200, 1973.
• 82.Marcus Y.: Biophysical Chemistry, rozdz.51, str. 11 1, 1994.
• 83.Mandelbrot B.B.: The Fractal Geometry of Nature, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1982.
• 84.Marmur A.: Equilibrium and spreading of liquids on solid surfaces, Adv. Coll. Inter. Sci,, 19, 75-102, 1983.
• 85.Martin D.A., Vogler E.A.: Immersion depth independent computer analysis ofWilhelmy balance hysterresis curves, Langmuir, 7, 422-429, 1991.
• 86.Matsunaga T., Ikada Y.: Dispersive component of surface free energy of hydrophilic polymers, J. Coll. Inter. Sci,, 84(1), 8-13, 1981.
• 87.Michel J.C., Riviere L.M., Bellon-fontainc M.N.: Characterisation
• of the wettability of organic substrates (peat and composted bark) by adsorption measurements, Int. Symp. on Growing Media and Hydrophobics, Windsor, Canada, 1998.
• 88.Moseley W.A,, Dhir V.K.: Capillary pres sure-saturation relations in porous media including the effect of wettability, J. Hydrology., 178, 33-53, 1996.
• 89.Nadkarni G.D., Garoff S.: Reproducibility of contact line motion on surface exhibiting contact angle hysteresis, Langmuir, 10, 1618-1623, 1994.
• 90.Nightingale Jr. E.R.: Phenomenologica! theory of ion solvation. Effective radii of hydrated ions., J. Phys. Chem., 63(9), 1381-1387, 1959.
• 91.Norris J., Giese R.F., van Oss C.J., Constanzo P.M.: Hydrophobic nature of organo-clays as a Lewis acid/base phenomenon, Clay and Clay Minerals, 40(3), 327-334, 1992.
• 92.Oden S.: Eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung der Kornverteilung in Suspensionen, Koll. Ztchr., XVIII (2) 33-48, 1916.
• 93.Okruszko H.: Zasady podziału gleb organicznych, Wiad. IMUZ, XII(1), 19-37, 1974.
• 94.van Oss C.J.: Interfacial Forces in Aqueous Media, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1994.
• 95.van Oss C.J., Chaudhury M.K., Good R.J.: Interfacial Lifshitz-vander Waals and polar interactions in macroscopic systems, Chem. Rev., 88, 927-941, 1988.
• 96.van Oss C.J., Giese R.F.: The hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of clay minerals, Clay and Clay Minerals, 43(4), 474-477, 1995.
• 97.van Oss C.J., Giesc R.F., Lee Z., Murphy K., Norris J., Chaudhury M.K., Good R.J.: J. Adh. Sci. Tcch.,6, 413, 1992.
• 98.van Oss C.J., Good R.J.: Surface tension and the solubility of polymers and biopolymers; the role of polar and apolr interfacial free energies, J. Macromol. Sci.-Chem., A26(8), 1183-1203, 1989.
• 99.Pachepsky Ya.A., Korsunskaia L.P., Hajnos M.: Fractal parameters of soil pore surface area under a developing crop, Fractals, 4(1), 97-104, 1996.
• 100.Pachepsky Ya.A., Polubesova T.A., Hajnos M., Józefaciuk G., Sokołowska Z.:Parameters of surface heterogenity from laboratory experiments on soil degradation, Soil Sci.Soc.Amer.J., 59 (2), 410-417, 1995. 101 .
• 101.Philip J.R.: Limitations on scaling by contact angle, Soil Sci.Soc.Amer,Proc., 35, 506-509, 1971.
• 102.Pingpank H., Baumgartl T., Horn R.: Verbesserung mineralischer Deponieabdichtungen dureh Austrocknung und Verfullung der entstandenden Schrumpfrisse, Z. f. Kulturtechnik und Landentwicklung, 39, 6-1 1, 1998.
• 103.Pokojska U., Prusinkiewicz Z.: Reserve bielica on Wzgórza Chełmskie (Cheim Hills) near Koszalin, Guide to the Polish International Excursion, UAM, Seria Biologia, 11, 74-78; 340-346, 1978.
• 104.Pokojska U.: Adsorpcja i wymiana kationów w próchnicach leśnych, UMK, Toruń, Seria Rozprawy, 5-98, 1992.
• 105 Rayss J., Gorgol A., Podkościelny W., Widomski J., Cholyk M.: Influence of the fused silica surface dehydroxylation on the adhesion of epoxyacrylate protective coationgs used for optical fibres, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol., 12(3), 293-303, 1998.
• 106, Rayss J., Widomski J., Luzinov I., Voronov A., Minko S.: Effect of polyacrylatc binding layers of UV-cured epoxyacrylate protective coatings on optical fibers, J. Appl., Polymer Sci., 67, 1913-1923, 1998.
• 107, Ruch R.J., Shen M.S.: The wetting of thin films of organo-bentonite complexes, J. Coll. Inter. Sci., 37(4), 819-823, 1971.
• 108, Shu L.K.: Contact angles and detenu i nation of the surface energy polimer surfaces, Ph. D. Dissertation, SUNY, Buffalo, 1991.
• 109.Sokołowska Z., Hajnos M., Hoffmann Ch., Renger M,: Influence of humic acid on water adsorption characteristics ofkaolin and quartz, Z. Pflanzen Eniahr. Bodenk., 160, 327-331, 1997,
• 110.Sokołowska Z., Sokołowski S.: Influence ofhumic acid on surface fractal dimension ofkaolin: analysis of mercury porosimetry and water vapour adsorption data, Geoderma, w druku, 1998.
• 111 .Sokołowska Z,, Hajnos M., Sokołowski S.: Effect of leaching of dissolved organic carbon on fractal dimension of soils, w Fractals Byond. Complexities in the Science, Ed. Miroslav Novak, World Scientific, 231-239, 1998.
• 112.Spelt J.K., Absolom D.R., Neumann A.W.: Solid surface tension: The equation of state approach and the theory of surface tension components. Theoretical and conceptual considerations, Langmuir, 3(4), 588-591, 1987.
• 113. Spelt J.K., Neumann A.W.: Solid surface tension: The interpretation of contact angles by the equation of state approach and the theory of surface tension components, Langmuir, 2(5), 620-625, 1986.
• 114. Stawiński J.: The influence of exchangeable cations on the adsorption of water vapour on soils, Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych, 220,453-458, 1983.
• 115.Stępkowska E.T., Kwaśnik A.: Comparison of London-van der Waals interaction with the shear strength of clays (in Polish), Z, Probl. Post. Nauk Roi., 168, 129-144, 1976.
• 116.Stępkowska E.T., Wojnicki J.E.: Estimation of interparticle distances and long range particle interactions in saturated clays (in Polish), Z. Probl. Post. Nauk Roi., 168, 109-129, 1976.
• 117.Stoch L.: Minerały ilaste, Wydawnictwo Geologiczne Warszawa, 3-503, 1974.
• 118.Szczypa J., Czajkowski J., Stability of dispersion systems and flocculation and agglomeration processes (in Polish), Problemy Agrofizyki, 34, 1-85, 1980.
• 119, Tarashevich A., Owczarenko F.D.: Adsorption on clay minerals (in Russian), Naukowa Dumka, Kiev, 5-329, 1975.
• 120, Tretinnikov O.N., Ikada Y,: Dynamic wetting and contact angle hysteresis of polymer surfaces studied with the modified Wilhelmy balance method, Langmuir, 10, 1606 1614, 1994.
• 121.Tschapek M.: Criteria for determining the hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity of soils, Z. Pflanzenemnaehr. Bodenkd., 147 (2), 138-149, 1984.
• 122. Tschapek M., Falasca S., Wasowski C.: Quartz sand:apparent dehydroxylation - rehydroxylation and water retention, Z. Pflanzenemnaehr. Bodenkd., 147,777-784, 1984.
• 123. Tschapek M., Pozzo Ardizzi G., dc Bussetti S.G.: Wettability ofhumic acid and its salts, Z. Pflanzenemnaehr, Bodenkd., 135(1), 16-31, 1973.
• 124.Tschapek M.t Scoppa C.O., Wasowski C.: The surface tension of soil water, J. Soil Sei., 29, 17-21, 1978.
• 125. Tschapek M., Wasowski C., Falasca S.: Character and change in the hydrophilic properties of quartz sand, Z. P flan zen ernnaehr. Bodenkd., 146, 295-301, 1983.
• 126. Vervey E.J., Overbeek J.Th.: Theory of the Stability of Uophobic Colloids, Eisevier, Amstedam, 1948,
• 127. Waksmundzki A., Staszczuk P.: Metody badania warstewek hydratacyjnych na powierzchniach ciał stałych, Rudy Metale, 25(8), 341-347, 1980.
• 128. Wierzchoś J.: Analysis of physicochemical conditions of formation and stability of soil structure (in Polish), Praca doktorska, IUNG Puławy, 1-110, 1989.
• 129. Wu S., Brzozowski K.J.: Surface free energy and polarity of organic pigments, J. Coll. Inter. Sei., 37(4), 686-690, 1971.