Conifer somatic embryogenesis: I. Development

• Autorzy: Klimaszewska K , Cyr D.R.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The discovery of conifer somatic embryogenesis (SE) and the subsequent development of SE protocols for a range of genera and species have opened new research opportunities to forest biotechnologists and a means towards mass clonal propagation for the forest industry. This paper provides a general description of the conifer SE process, followed by a review of protocols developed specifically for several conifer species in the Pinaceae family for which production of somatic trees has been demonstrated. Additionally, future research needs, including approaches for developing markers to optimize SE process and the production of high quality embryos, are discussed.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

somatic seedling; initiation; development; somatic embryogenesis; Pinaceae; maturation; embryogenesis; conifer species; forest industry; forest; somatic tree; cryopreservation

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Dendrobiology
• Rocznik: 2002
• Tom: 48
• Opis fizyczny: p.31-39,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Klimaszewska K

• Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O.Box 3800, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7

autor

Cyr D.R.

Bibliografia

• Adams G.W., Doiron M.G., ParkY.S., Bonga J.M., Charest P.J. 1994. Commercialization potential of somatic embryogenesis in blackspruce tree improvement. The Forestry Chronicle 70: 593–598.
• Aitken-Christie J., Gough N. 1996. Starvation and storage of mature somatic embryos. WO Patent 96/37095.
• Aitken-Christie J., Parkes B.D. 1996. Improved embryogenesis process for initiation and maturation. WO Patent 96/37096.
• Attree S.M., Budimir S., Fowke L.C. 1990. Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from cultured shoots and cotyledons of seedlings from stored seeds of blackand white spruce (Picea mariana and Picea glauca). Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 30–34.
• Attree S.M., Pomeroy M.K., Fowke L.C. 1992. Manipulation of conditions for the culture of somatic embryos of white spruce for improved triacylglycerol biosynthesis and desiccation tolerance. Planta 187: 395–404.
• Becwar M.R., Nagmani R., Wann S.R. 1990. Initiation of embryogenic cultures and somatic embryo development in loblolly pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20: 810–817.
• Becwar M.R., ChesickE.E., Handley L.W., Rutter M.R. 1996. Method for regeneration of coniferous plants by somatic embryogenesis. US Patent 5506,136.
• Bonga J.M. 1997. The effect of collection date and frozen storage on the formation of embryo-like structures and elongating shoots from explants from mature Larix decidua and L. × eurolepis. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 51: 195–200.
• Carpenter C.V., Koester M.K., Gupta P.K. 2000. Method for determining maturity of conifer somatic embryos. US Patent 6,117,678.
• Chalupa V. 1985. Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from cultured immature and mature embryos of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Comminicationes Instituti Forestalis Cechosloveniae 14: 57–63.
• Cyr D.R. 1999. Cryopreservation of embryogenic cultures of conifers and its application to clonal forestry. In: Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, Volume 4. Jain S.M., Gupta P.K., Newton R.J. (eds.). Kluwer Academic, Boston, MA. pp. 239–261.
• Cyr D.R., Lazaroff, W.R., Grimes S.M.A., Quan G., Bethune T.D., Dunstan D.I., Roberts D.R. 1994. Cryopreservation of interior spruce (Picea glauca engelmanni complex) embryogenic cultures. Plant Cell Reports 13: 574–577.
• Cyr D., Attree S.M., El-Kassaby Y.A., Ellis D.D., Polonenko D.R., Sutton B.C.S. 2001. Application of somatic embryogenesis to tree improvement in conifers. In: Molecular Breeding of Woody Plants. Morohoshi N., Komamine A. (eds). Proceedings of the International Wood Biotechnology Symposium (IWBS), Narita, Chiba, Japan, 14–17 March 2001. Elsevier Science B.V. pp. 305–312.
• Durzan D.J., Gupta P.K. 1987. Somatic embryogenesis and polyembryogenesis in Douglas-fir cell suspension cultures. Plant Science 52: 229–235.
• El-Nil A. 1980. Embryogenesis of gymnosperm forest trees. US Patent 4,217,730.
• Garin E., Isabel N., Plourde A. 1998. Screening of large numbers of seed families of Pinus strobus L. for somatic embryogenesis from immature and mature zygotic embryos. Plant Cell Reports 18: 37–43.
• Gösslová M., Svobodová H., Lipavská H., Albrechtová J., Vreugdenhil D. 2001. Comparing carbohydrate status during Norway spruce seed development and somatic embryo formation. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology – Plant: 37: 24–28.
• Gupta P.K. 1996. Method for reproducing conifers by somatic embryogenesis using a maltose enriched maintenance medium. US Patent 5,563,061.
• Gupta P.K., Durzan D.J. 1985. Shoot multplication from mature trees of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana). Plant Cell Reports 4: 177–179.
• Gupta P.K., Pullman G. 1991. Method for reproducing coniferous plants by somatic embryogenesis using abscisic acid and osmotic potential variation. US Patent 5,036,007.
• Gupta P.K., Pullman G. 1996. Method for reproducing Douglas-fir by somatic embryogenesis. US Patent 5,82,857.
• Hakman I., Fowke L.C., von Arnold S., Eriksson T. 1985. The development of somatic embryogenesis in tissue cultures initiated from immature embryos of Picea abies (Norway spruce). Plant Science 38: 53–59.
• Hakman I., Stabel P., Engström P., Eriksson T. 1990. Storage protein accumulation during zygotic and somatic embryo development in Picea abies (Norway spruce). Physiologia Plantarum 80: 441–445.
• Handley L.W. 1997. Method for regeneration of coniferous plants by somatic embryogenesis in culture media containing abscisic acid. US Patent 5,677,185.
• Handley L.W. 1998. Method for regeneration of coniferous plants by somatic embryogenesis. US Patent 5,731,203.
• Harvengt L., Trontin J.F., Reymond I., Canlet F., Pâques M. 2001. Molecular evidence of true-to-type propagation of a 3-year-old Norway spruce through somatic embryogenesis. Planta 213: 828–832.
• Högberg K.-A., Ekberg I., Norell L., von Arnold S. 1998. Integration of somatic embryogenesis in a tree breeding programme: a case study with Picea abies. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28: 1536–1545.
• Högberg K.-A., Bozhkov P.V., Grönroos R., von Arnold S. 2001. Critical factors affecting ex vitro performance of somatic embryo plants of Picea abies. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 16: 295–304.
• Kartha K.K., Fowke L.C., Leung N.L., Caswell K.L., Hakman I. 1988. Induction of somatic embryos and plantlets from cryopreserved cell cultures of white spruce (Picea glauca). Journal of Plant Physiology 132: 529–539.
• Keinonen-Mettälä K., Jalonen P., Eurola P., von Arnold S., von Weissenberg K. 1996. Somatic embryogenesis of Pinus sylvestris. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 11: 242–250.
• Klimaszewska K., Park Y.S., Overton C., Maceacheron I., Bonga J.M. 2001. Optimized somatic embryogenesis in Pinus strobus L. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology – Plant 37: 392–399.
• Klimaszewska K., Sutton B.C.S., Polonenko D., Cyr D.R., Stodola T.F. 2001. Maturation of somatic embryos. US Patent 6,200,809 B1.
• Krogstrup P. 1990. Effect of culture densities on cell proliferation and regeneration from embryogenic cell suspensions of Picea sitchensis. Plant Science 72: 115–123.
• Lamhamedi M.S., Chamberland H., Bernier P.Y., Tremblay F.M. 2000. Clonal variation in morphology, growth, physiology, anatomy and ultrastructure of container-grown white spruce somatic plants. Tree Physiology 20: 869–880.
• Lelu M.A., Klimaszewska K., Charest P.J. 1994a. Somatic embryogenesis from immature and mature zygotic embryos and from cotyledons and needles of somatic plantlets of Larix. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24: 100–106.
• Lelu M.A., Bastien C., Klimaszewska K., Ward C., Charest P.J. 1994b. An improved method for somatic plantlet production in hybrid larch (Larix × leptoeuropaea): Part 1. Somatic embryo maturation. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 36: 107–115.
• Lelu M.A., Bastien C., Klimaszewska K., Charest P.J. 1994c. An improved method for somatic plantlet production in hybrid larch (Larix × leptoeuropaea): Part 2. Control of germination and plantlet development. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 36: 117–127.
• Lelu M.-A., Bastien C., Drugeault A., Gouez M.-L., Klimaszewska K. 1999. Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet development in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster on medium with and without growth regulators. Physiologia Plantarum 105: 719–728.
• Li X.Y., Huang F.H., Gbur, Jr. E.E. 1998a. Effect of basal medium, growth regulators and Phytagel concentration on initiation of embryogenic cultures from immature zygotic embryos of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Plant Cell Reports 17: 298–301.
• Li X.Y., Feng H., Huang J., Murphy J.B., Gbur Jr. E.E. 1998b. Polyethylene glycol and maltose enhance somatic embryo maturation in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology – Plant 34: 22–26.
• Litvay J.D., Verma D.C., Johnson M.A. 1985. Influence of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) culture medium and its components on growth and somatic embryogenesis of the wild carrot (Daucus carota). Plant Cell Reports 4: 325–328.
• Mo L.H., von Arnold S. 1991. Origin and development of embryogenic cultures from seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Journal of Plant Physiology 138: 223–230.
• Mohammed G.H., Dustan D.I., Thorpe T.A. 1986. Influence of nutrient medium upon shoot initiation on vegetative explants excised from 15- to 18-year-old Picea glauca. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 16: 297–305.
• Murashige T., Skoog F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum 15: 473–497.
• Nørgaard J.V. 1997. Somatic embryo maturation and plant regeneration in Abies nordmanniana Lk. Plant Science 124: 211–221.
• Pâques M., Bercetche J. 1998. Method for rejuvenating gymnosperms by somatic embryogenesis. WO Patent 9923874A1.
• Park Y.S., Bonga J.M. 1992. Conifer micropropagation: its function in tree improvement programs. In: Micropropagation of Woody Plants. Ahuja M.R. (ed.). Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 457–470.
• Park Y.S., Barrett J.D., Bonga J.M. 1998. Application of somatic embryogenesis in high-value clonal forestry: deployment, genetic control, and stability of cryopreserved clones. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology – Plant 34: 231–239.
• Percy R.E., Klimaszewska K., Cyr D.R. 2000. Evaluation of somatic embryogenesis for clonal propagation of western white pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30: 1867–1876.
• Ramarosandratana A., Harvengt L., Bouvet A., Calvayrac R., Pâques M. 2001a. Effects of carbohydrate source, polyethylene glycol and gellan gum concentration on embryonal-suspensor mass (ESM) proliferation and maturation of maritime pine somatic embryos. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology – Plant 37: 29–34.
• Ramarosandratana A., Harvengt L., Bouvet A., Calvayrac R., Pâques M. 2001b. Influence of the embryonal-suspensor mass (ESM) sampling on development and proliferation of maritime pine somatic embryos. Plant Science 160: 473–479.
• Ruaud J.-N. 1993. Maturation and conversion into plantlets of somatic embryos derived from needles and cotyledons of 7–56-day-old Picea abies. Plant Science 92: 213–220.
• Rutter M.R., Handley L.W., Becwar M.R. 1998. Method for regeneration of coniferous plants by somatic embryogenesis employing polyethylene glycol. US Patent 5,731,204.
• Salajova T., Salaj J. 2001. Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from cotyledon explants isolated from emblings and seedlings of hybrid firs. Journal of Plant Physiology 158: 747–755.
• Salajova T., Salaj J., KormutakA. 1999. Initiation of embryogenic tissues and plantlet regeneration from somatic embryos of Pinus nigra Arn. Plant Science 145: 33–40.
• Schenk R.U., Hildebrandt A.C. 1972. Medium and techniques for induction and growth of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cell cultures. Canadian Journal of Botany 50: 199–204.
• Smith D. 1996. Growth medium for plant embryogenic tissue. AU Patent AU-A-60707/94.
• Smith D.R. 1997. The role of in vitro methods in pine plantation establishment: the lesson from New Zealand. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 3: 63–73.
• Sutton B.C.S., Grossnickle S.C., Roberts D.R., Russel J.H., Kiss G.K. 1993. Somatic embryogenesis and tree improvement in interior spruce. Journal of Forestry 91 (10): 34–38.
• Teasdale R.D. 1986. Generation of a sustainable Pinus radiata cell suspension culture and studies of cellular nitrogen nutrition. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 16: 377–386.
• von Arnold S., Eriksson T. 1981. In vitro studies of adventitious shoot formation in Pinus contorta. Canadian Journal of Botany 59: 870–874.
• Webster F.B., Roberts D.R., McInnis S.M., Sutton B.C.S. 1990. Propagation of interior spruce by somatic embryogenesis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20: 1759–1765.