Stylophoran supertrees revisited

• Autorzy: Lefebvre B
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Supertree analysis is a recent exploratory method that involves the simultaneous combination of two or more character−based source trees into a single consensus supertree. This method was recently applied by Ruta to a fossil group of enigmatic Palaeozoic forms, the stylophoran echinoderms. Ruta’s supertree suggested that mitrates are polyphyletic and originated from paraphyletic cornutes. Re−examination of Ruta’s data matrix strongly suggests that most source trees were based on dubious homologies resulting from theory−laden assumptions (calcichordate model) or superficial similarities (ankyroid scenario). A new supertree analysis was performed using a slightly corrected version of Ruta’s original combined matrix; the 70% majority−rule consensus of 24,168 most parsimonious supertrees suggests that mitrates are monophyletic and derived from paraphyletic cornutes. A second new supertree analysis was generated to test the influence of the pruning of three taxa in some calcichordate source trees; the 70% majority−rule consensus of 3,720 shortest supertrees indicates that both cornutes and mitrates are monophyletic and derived from a Ceratocystis−like ancestor. The two new supertree analyses demonstrate the dramatic influence of the relative contributions of each initial assumption of plate homologies (and underlying anatomical interpretations), in original source trees, on the final topology of supertrees.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

supertree; Echinodermata; Mitrata; Paleozoic; Calcichordata; Stylophora; Ankyroida; Cornuta; paleontology

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
• Rocznik: 2005
• Tom: 50
• Numer: 3
• Opis fizyczny: p.477-486,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Lefebvre B

• Universite de Bourgogne, 6 boulevard Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France

Bibliografia

• Barrande, J. 1887. Système Silurien du centre de la Bohême. Volume 7. Classe des Echinodermes, ordre des Cystidées. 233 pp. Rivnac, Prague.
• Bather, F.A. 1913. Caradocian Cystidea from Girvan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 49: 359–529.
• Baum, B.R. 1992. Combining trees as a way of combining data sets for phylogenetic inference, and the desirability of combining gene trees. Taxon 41: 637–640.
• Baum, B.R. and Ragan, M. 1993. Reply to A.G. Rodrigo’s “A comment on Baum’s method for combining phylogenetic trees”. Taxon 42: 637–640.
• Beisswenger, M. 1994. A calcichordate interpretation of the new mitrate Eumitrocystella savilli from the Ordovician of Morocco. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 68: 443–462.
• Bininda−Emonds, O.R.P. and Bryant, H.N. 1998. Properties of matrix representation with parsimony analyses. Systematic Biology 47: 497–508.
• Bininda−Emonds, O.R.P. and Sanderson, M.J. 2001. Assessment of the accuracy of matrix representation with parsimony analysis supertree construction. Systematic Biology 50: 565–579.
• Bininda−Emonds, O.R.P., Gittleman, J.L., and Purvis, A. 1999. Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia). Biological Reviews 74: 143–175.
• Bininda−Emonds, O.R.P., Gittleman, J.L., and Steel, M.A. 2002. The (super) tree of life: procedures, problems, and prospects. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 33: 265–289.
• Caster, K.E. 1952. Concerning Enoploura of the Upper Ordovician and its relation to other carpoid Echinodermata. Bulletins of American Paleontology 34: 5–47.
• Chauvel, J. 1941. Recherches sur les cystoïdes et les carpoïdes armoricains. Mémoires de la Société géologique et minéralogique de Bretagne 5: 12–86.
• Chauvel, J. 1981. Etude critique de quelques échinodermes stylophores du Massif armoricain. Bulletin de la Société géologique et minéralogique de Bretagne C 13: 67–101.
• Cripps, A.P. 1988. A new species of stem−group chordate from the Upper Ordovician of Northern Ireland. Palaeontology 31: 1053–1077.
• Cripps, A.P. 1989a. A new stem−group chordate (Cornuta) from the Llandeilo of Czechoslovakia and the cornute−mitrate transition. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 96: 49–85.
• Cripps, A.P. 1989b. A new genus of stem chordate (Cornuta) from the Lower and Middle Ordovician of Czechoslovakia and the origin of bilateral symmetry in the chordates. Geobios 22: 215–245.
• Cripps, A.P. 1990. A new stem−craniate from the Ordovician of Morocco and the search for the sister group of the Craniata. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Socierty 100: 27–71.
• Cripps, A.P. 1991. A cladistic analysis of the cornutes (stem chordates). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Socierty 102: 333–366.
• Cripps, A.P. and Daley, P.E.J. 1994. Two cornutes from the Middle Ordovician (Llandeilo) of Normandy, France, and a reinterpretation of Milonicystis kerfornei. Palaeontographica A 232: 99–132.
• Daley, P.E.J. 1992. Two new cornutes from the Lower Ordovician of Shropshire and southern France. Palaeontology 35: 127–148.
• David, B., Lefebvre, B., Mooi, R., and Parsley, R. 2000. Are homalozoans echinoderms? An answer from the extraxial−axial theory. Paleobiology 26: 529–555.
• Derstler, K. 1979. Biogeography of the stylophoran carpoids (Echinodermata). In: J. Gray and A.J. Boucot (eds.), Historical Biogeography, Plate Tectonics and the Changing Environment, 91–104. Oregon State University Press, Cornvallis.
• Domínguez, P., Jacobson, A.G., and Jefferies, R.P.S. 2002. Paired gill slits in a fossil with a calcite skeleton. Nature 417: 841–844.
• Dzik, J. 1999. Evolutionary origin of asymmetry in early metazoan animals. In: G. Palyi, C. Zucchi, and L. Caglioti (eds.), Advances in Biochirality, 153–190. Elsevier Science S.A., Amsterdam.
• Gill, E.D. and Caster, K.E. 1960. Carpoid echinoderms from the Silurian and Devonian of Australia. Bulletins of American Paleontology 41: 5–71.
• Gislen, T. 1930. Affinities between the Echinodermata, Enteropneusta and Chordonia. Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala 12: 199–304.
• Goloboff, P.A. and Pol, D. 2002. Semi−strict supertrees. Cladistics 18: 514–525.
• Jaekel, O. 1901. Über Carpoideen; eine neue Klasse von Pelmatozoen. Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft 52: 661–677.
• Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3: 11–28.
• Jefferies, R.P.S. 1967. Some fossil chordates with echinoderm affinities. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 20: 163–208.
• Jefferies, R.P.S. 1969. Ceratocystis perneri Jaekel—a Middle Cambrian chordate with echinoderm affinities. Palaeontology 12: 494–535.
• Jefferies, R.P.S. 1981. In defence of the calcichordates. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 73: 351–396.
• Jefferies, R.P.S. 1986. The Ancestry of the Vertebrates. 376 pp. British Museum, Natural History, London.
• Jefferies, R.P.S. and Lewis, D.N. 1978. The English Silurian fossil Placocystites forbesianus and the ancestry of the vertebrates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 282: 205–323.
• Jefferies, R.P.S. and Prokop, R.J. 1972. A new calcichordate from the Ordovician of Bohemia and its anatomy, adaptations and relationships. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4: 69–115.
• Jefferies, R.P.S., Lewis, M., and Donovan, S.K. 1987. Protocystites menevensis—a stem−group chordate (Cornuta) from the Middle Cambrian of South Wales. Palaeontology 30: 429–484.
• Kolata, D.R. and Jollie, M. 1982. Anomalocystitid mitrates (Stylophora−Echinodermata) from the Champlainian (Middle Ordovician) Guttenberg Formation of the Upper Mississipi Valley Region. Journal of Paleontology 56: 631–653.
• Kolata, D.R., Frest, T.J., and Mapes, R.H. 1991. The youngest carpoid: occurrence, affinities and life mode of a Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) mitrate from Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology 65: 844–855.
• Lee, S.B., Lefebvre, B., and Choi, D.K. (in press). Tremadocian stylophoran echinoderms from the Taebaeksan basin, Korea. Journal of Paleontology.
• Lefebvre, B. 2000a. Homologies in Stylophora: a test of the “calcichordate theory”. Geobios 33: 359–364.
• Lefebvre, B. 2000b. A new mitrate (Echinodermata, Stylophora) from the Tremadoc of Shropshire (England) and the origin of the Mitrocystitida. Journal of Paleontology 74: 890–905.
• Lefebvre, B. 2001. A critical comment on ‘ankyroids’ (Echinodermata, Stylophora). Geobios 34: 597–627.
• Lefebvre, B. 2003a. Stephen J. Gould, les mitrates et les monstres. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2: 509–522.
• Lefebvre, B. 2003b. Functional morphology of stylophoran echinoderms. Palaeontology 46: 511–555.
• Lefebvre, B. and Vizcaïno, D. 1999. New Ordovician cornutes (Echinodermata, Stylophora) from Montagne Noire and Brittany (France) and a revision of the Order Cornuta Jaekel 1901. Geobios 32: 421–458.
• Lefebvre, B., Rachebœuf, P., and David, B. 1998. Homologies in stylophoran echinoderms. In: R. Mooi and M. Telford (eds.), Echinoderms: San Francisco, 103–109. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Lefebvre, B., Seung−Bae Lee, and Duck K. Choi. 2005. A case of inappropriate use of unpublished data in a scientific publication. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 (3): 632.
• Liu, F.G.R., Miyamoto, M.M., Freire, N.P., Ong, P.Q., Tennant, M.R., Young, T.S., and Gugel, K.F. 2001. Molecular and morphological supertrees for eutherian (placental) mammals. Science 291: 1786–1789.
• Martí Mus, M. 2002. The Ordovician cornute Flabellicystis rushtoni n. gen. n. sp. (Stylophora, Echinodermata) and its phylogenetic position within the group Cornuta. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 76: 99–116.
• Nichols, D. 1972. The water−vascular system in living and fossil echinoderms. Palaeontology 15: 519–538.
• Parsley, R.L. 1988. Feeding and respiratory strategies in Stylophora. In: C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith (eds.), Echinoderm Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, 347–361. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
• Parsley, R.L. 1991. Review of selected North American mitrate stylophorans (Homalozoa: Echinodermata). Bulletins of American Paleontology 100: 5–57.
• Parsley, R.L. 1997. The echinoderm classes Stylophora and Homoiostelea: non Calcichordata. Paleontological Society Papers 3: 225–248.
• Parsley, R.L. 1998. Taxonomic revision of the Stylophora. In: R. Mooi and M. Telford (eds.), Echinoderms: San Francisco, 111–117. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Parsley, R.L. 2000. Morphological and paleoecological analysis of the Ordovician ankyroid Lagynocystis (Stylophora: Echinodermata). Journal of Paleontology 74: 254–262
• Parsley, R.L., Prokop, R.J., and Derstler, K. 2000. Kirkocystid ankyroids (Stylophora: Echinodermata) from the Sàrka Formation (Ordovician) of Bohemia. Vestnik Ceského geologického ústavu 75: 37–47.
• Philip, G.M. 1979. Carpoids—echinoderms or chordates? Biological Reviews 54: 439–471.
• Pisani, D. and Wilkinson, M. 2002. Matrix representation with parsimony, taxonomic congruence, and total evidence. Systematic Biology 51: 151–155.
• Pisani, D., Yates, A.M., Langer, M.C., and Benton, M.J. 2002. A genus−level supertree of the Dinosauria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269: 915–921.
• Purvis, A. 1995. A composite estimate of primate phylogeny. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 348: 405–421.
• Purvis, A. and Webster, A.J. 1999. Phylogenetically independent comparisons and primate phylogeny. In: P.C. Lee (ed.), Comparative Primate Socioecology, 44–70. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Ragan, M.A. 1992. Phylogenetic inference based on matrix representation of trees. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1: 51–58.
• Ruta, M. 1997. A new mitrate from the Lower Ordovician of southern France. Palaeontology 40: 363–383.
• Ruta, M. 1999a. Brief review of the stylophoran debate. Evolution & Development 1: 123–135.
• Ruta, M. 1999b. A new stylophoran echinoderm, Juliaecarpus milnerorum, from the Late Ordovician Upper Ktaoua Formation of Morocco. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Geology) 55: 47–79.
• Ruta, M. 1999c. A cladistic analysis of the anomalocystitid mitrates. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 127: 345–421.
• Ruta, M. 2003. A species−level supertree for stylophoran echinoderms. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 559–568.
• Ruta, M. and Jell, P.A. 1999. Protocytidium gen. nov., a new anomalocystitid mitrate from the Victorian Latest Ordovician and evolution of the Allanicytidiidae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 43: 353–376.
• Ruta, M. and Theron, J.N. 1997. Two Devonian mitrates from South Africa. Palaeontology 40: 201–243.
• Smith, A.B. 1990. Biomineralization in echinoderms. In: J.G. Carter (ed.), Skeletal Biomineralization: Patterns, Processes and Evolutionary Trends. Volume 1, 413–442. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
• Smith, A.B. 2004. Deuterostome phylogeny and the interpretation of problematic fossil echinoderms. In: T. Heinzeller, and J.H. Nebelsick (eds.), Echinoderms: München. Proceedings of the 11th International Echinoderm Conference, Munich, Germany, 543–547. Balkema, Leiden.
• Stothard, J.R. 2000. Future trypanosomatid phylogenies: refined homologies, supertrees and networks. Memoirs of the Institute Oswaldo Cruz 95: 523–526.
• Sumrall, C.D. 1997. The role of fossils in the phylogenetic reconstruction of Echinodermata. Paleontological Society Papers 3: 267–288.
• Sumrall, C.D. and Sprinkle, J. 1999. Ponticulocarpus, a new cornute−grade stylophoran from the Middle Cambrian Spence Shale of Utah. Journal of Paleontology 73: 886–891.
• Sumrall, C.D., Brochu, C.A., and Merck, J.W. Jr. 2001. Global lability, regional resolution, and majority−rule consensus bias. Paleobiology 27: 254–261.
• Swofford, D.L. 2002. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4.0b10. 130 pp. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
• Ubaghs, G. 1961. Sur la nature de l’organe appelé tige ou pédoncule chez les “carpoïdes” Cornuta et Mitrata. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris 253: 2738–2740.
• Ubaghs, G. 1967. Stylophora.In: R.C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part S. Echinodermata 1 (2), 495–565. Geological Society of America, Boulder, and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
• Ubaghs, G. 1969. Les échinodermes “carpoïdes” de l’Ordovicien inférieur de la Montagne Noire (France). 110 pp. Editions du CNRS, Cahiers de Paléontologie, Paris.
• Ubaghs, G. 1975. Early Paleozoic echinoderms. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 3: 79–98.
• Ubaghs, G. 1981. Réflexions sur la nature et la fonction de l’appendice articulé des “carpoïdes” Stylophora (Echinodermata). Annales de Paléontologie 67: 33–48.
• Ubaghs, G. 1991. Deux Stylophora (Homalozoa, Echinodermata) nouveaux pour l’Ordovicien inférieur de la Montagne Noire (France méridionale). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 65: 157–171.
• Woods, I.S. and Jefferies, R.P.S. 1992. A new stem−group chordate from the Lower Ordovician of South Wales, and the problem of locomotion in boot−shaped cornutes. Palaeontology 35: 1–25.