The levels of TNF-alpha in cerebrospinal fluid and serum do not correlate with the counts of the white cells in acute phase of ischaemic stroke

• Autorzy: Zaremba J , Losy J.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Stroke-induced inflammatory reaction, which leads to invasion of leukocytes into the evolving brain infarct, seems to play a key role in the deterioration of brain ischaemic impairment. We have studied CSF and serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), the potent proinflammatory cytokine, and peripheral white blood cells (WBC) counts in patients within the first 24 hours of ischaemic stroke. TNF-alpha levels in CSF and serum as well as WBC counts were increased. There was no correlation between TNF-alpha levels either in CSF and serum or in WBC counts. The results of our study suggest that increased CSF TNF-alpha levels may represent acute intracerebral inflammation in stroke, whereas elevated levels of TNF-alpha in serum may reflect the peripheral proinflammatory state as well as stroke-induced systemic inflammatory reaction. Increased CSF and serum TNF-alpha levels do not correlate with the elevation of WBC counts, suggesting that TNF-alpha overexpression observed in early phase of stroke is not dependent on increased total number of peripheral leukocytes.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Folia Morphologica
• Rocznik: 2001
• Tom: 60
• Numer: 2
• Opis fizyczny: p.91-97,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Zaremba J

• University School of Medicine, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland

autor

Losy J.

Bibliografia

• 1. Adams DH, Shaw S (1994) Leukocyte endothelial interactions and regulation of leukocyte migration. Lancet 343: 831–836.
• 2. Aggrarwal BB, Kohr WJ, Hass PE, Moffat B, Spencer SA, Henzel WJ, Bringman TS, Nedwin GE, Goeddel DV, Harkins RN (1985) Human tumor necrosis factor: production, purification and characterization. J Biol Chem, 260: 2345–2354.
• 3. Akopov S, Sercombe R, Seylaz J (1996) Cerebrovascular reactivity: role of endothelium/platelet/leukocyte interactions. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev, 8: 11–94.
• 4. Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Majeau GR, Cotran RS, Gimbrone MA Jr (1984) Interleukin 1 (IL-1) induces biosynthesis and cell surface expression of procoagulant activity in human vascular endothelial cells. J Exp Med, 160: 618–623.
• 5. Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Majeau GR, Fiers W, Cotran RS, Gimbrone MA Jr (1986) Recombinant tumor necrosis factor induces procoagulant activity in cultured human vascular endothelium: characterization and comparison with the actions of interleukin-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 83: 4533–4537.
• 6. Bevilacqua MP (1993) Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules. Annu Rev Immunol, 11: 767–804.
• 7. Bjork J, Hedqist P, Arfors KE (1982) Increase in vascular permeability induced by leukotriene B4 and the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Inflammation, 6: 189–200.
• 8. Bonita R (1992) Epidemiology of stroke. Lancet, 339: 342–347.
• 9. Bowes MP, Zivin JA, Rothlein R (1993) Monoclonal antibody to the ICAM-1 adhesion site reduces neurological damage in a rabbit cerebral embolism stroke model. Exp Neurol, 119: 215–219.
• 10. Buttini M, Appel K, Sauter A, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Boddeke HW (1996) Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha after focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat. Neuroscience, 71: 1–16.
• 11. van Deventer SJH, Büller HR, ten Cate JW, Aarden LA, Hack CE, Sturk A (1990) Experimental endotoxemia in humans: analysis of cytokine release and coagulation, fibrinolytic and complement pathways. Blood, 76: 2520–2526.
• 12. Diez-Ruiz A, Tilz GP, Zangerle R, Baier-Bitterlich G, Wachter H, Fuchs D (1995) Soluble receptors for tumor necrosis factor in clinical laboratory diagnosis. Eur J Haematol, 54: 1–8.
• 13. Dinarello CA, Gelfand JA, Wolff SM (1993) Anticytokine strategies in the treatment of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. JAMA, 269: 1829–1835.
• 14. Elneihoum AM, Falke P, Axelsson L, Lundberg E, Lindgärde F, Ohlsson K (1996) Leukocyte activation detected by increased plasma levels of inflammatory mediators in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. Stroke, 27: 1734–1738.
• 15. Ernst E, Hammerschmidt DE, Bagge U, Matrai A, Dormandy JA (1987) Leukocytes and the risk of ischemic diseases. JAMA, 257: 2318–2324.
• 16. Ferrarese C, Mascarucci P, Zoia C, Cavarretta R, Frigo M, Begni B, Sarinella F, Frattola L, De Simoni MG (1999) Increased cytokine release from peripheral blood cells after acute stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 19: 1004–1009.
• 17. Garcia JH, Liu KF, Yoshida Y, Lian J, Chen S, Del Zoppo GJ (1994) Influx of leukocytes and platelets in an evolving brain infarct /Wistar rat/. Am J Pathol, 144: 188–199.
• 18. Gong C, Qin Z, Betz AL, Liu XH, Yang GY (1998) Cellular localization of tumor necrosis factor alpha following focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Brain Res, 801: 1–8.
• 19. Grau AJ, Berger E, Paul Sung KL, Schmid-Schönbein GW (1992) Granulocyte adhesion, deformability, and superoxide formation in acute stroke. Stroke, 23: 33–39.
• 20. Hallenbeck JM, Dutka AJ, Tanishima T, Kochanek PM, Kumaroo KK, Thompson CB, Obrenovitch TP, Contreras TJ (1986) Polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in brain regions with low blood flow during the early postischemic period. Stroke, 17: 246–253.
• 21. Hallenbeck JM, Dutka AJ, Kochanek PM, Siren A, Pezeshkpour GH, Feuerstein G (1988) Stroke risk factors prepare brainstem tissues for modified local Shwartzman reaction. Stroke, 19: 863–869.
• 22. Hallenbeck JM, Dutka AJ, Vogel SN, Heldman E, Doron D, Feuerstein G (1991) Lipopolysaccharide-induced production of tumor necrosis factor activity in rats with and without risk factors for stroke. Brain Res, 541: 115–120.
• 23. Hallenbeck JM (1997) Cytokines, macrophages, and leukocytes in brain ischemia. Neurology, 49 (Suppl. 4): 5–9.
• 24. Hess DC, Bhutwala T, Sheppard JC, Zhao W, Smith J (1994) ICAM-1 expression on human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Neurosci-Lett., 168: 201–204.
• 25. Jander S, Kraemer M, Schroeter M, Witte OW, Stoll G (1995) Lymphocytic infiltration and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in photochemically induced ischemia of the rat cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 15: 42–51.
• 26. Kitagawa K, Matsumoto M, Mabuchi T, Yagita Y, Ohtsuki T, Hori M, Yanagihara T (1998) Deficiency of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 attenuates microcirculatory disturbance and infarction size in focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 18: 1336–1345.
• 27. Kogure K, Kato H (1993) Neurochemistry of stroke. In: Barnett HJM, Mohr JP, Stein BM, Yatsu FM (eds.). Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, New York, NY, pp. 3–28.
• 28. Levi M, ten-Cate H, Bauer KA, van der Poll T, Edgington TS, Büller HR, van Deventer SJH, Hack CE, ten-Cate JW, Rosenberg RD (1994) Inhibition of endotoxin-induced activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis by pentoxifylline or by a monoclonal anti-tissue factor antibody in chimpanzees. J Clin Invest, 93: 114–120.
• 29. Murota S, Fujita H, Wakabayashi Y, Morita I (1996) Cell adhesion molecule mediates endothelial cell injury caused by activated neutrophils. Keio J Med, 45: 207–211.
• 30. Nawroth PP, Stern DM (1986) Modulation of endothelial cell hemostatic properties by tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med, 163: 740–745.
• 31. Pommier CG, O’Shea J, Chused T, Yancey K, Frank MM, Takahashi T, Brown EJ (1984) Studies on the fibronectin receptors of human peripheral blood leukocytes: Morphologic and functional characterization. J Exp Med, 159: 137–151.
• 32. Pozzilli C, Lenzi GL, Argentino C, Carolei A, Rasura M, Signore A, Bozzao L, Pozzilli P (1985) Imaging of leukocytic infiltration in human cerebral infarcts. Stroke, 16: 251–255.
• 33. Pozzilli C, Lenzi GL, Argentino C, Bozzao L, Rasura M, Giubilei F, Fieschi C (1985) Peripheral white blood cell count in cerebral ischemic infarction. Acta Neurol Scand, 71: 396–400.
• 34. Prentice RL, Szatrowski TP, Kato H, Mason MW (1982) Leukocyte counts and cerebrovascular disease. J Chronic Dis, 35: 703–714.
• 35. Rosenblum WI (1997) Histopathologic clues to the pathways of neuronal death following ischemia/hypoxia. J Neurotrauma, 14: 313–326.
• 36. Schmid-Schönbein GW (1987) Capillary plugging by granulocytes and the no-reflow phenomenon in the microcirculation. Fed Proc, 46: 2397–2401.
• 37. Silvestrini M, Pietroiusti A, Troisi E, Franceschelli L, Piccolo P, Magrini A, Bernardi G, Galante A (1998) Leukocyte count and aggregation during the evolution of cerebral ischemic injury. Cerebrovasc Dis, 8: 305–309.
• 38. Siren AL, Heldman E, Doron D, Lysko PG, Yue TL, Liu Y, Feuerstein G, Hallenbeck JM (1992) Release of proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators in the brain and peripheral circulation in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Stroke, 23: 1643–1651.
• 39. Springer TA (1994) Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell, 76: 301–314.
• 40. Tseng M, Chang CC (1999) Ultrastructural localization of hippocampal TNF-alpha immunoreactive cells in rats following transient global ischemia. Brain Res, 833: 121–124.
• 41. Uno H, Matsuyama T, Akita H, Nishimura H, Sugita M (1997) Induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the mouse hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 17: 491–499.
• 42. Violi F, Rasura M, Alessandri C, Intiso D, Germani M, Servi M, Fieschi C, Balsano F (1988) Leukocyte response in patients suffering from acute stroke. Stroke, 19: 1283–1284.
• 43. Wall RT, Cooper SL, Kosek JC (1982) The influence of exogenous fibronectin on blood granulocyte adherence to vascular endothelium in vitro. Exp Cell Res, 140: 105–109.
• 44. Wang X, Feuerstein GZ (1995) Induced expression of adhesion molecules following focal brain ischemia. J Neurotrauma, 12: 825–832.
• 45. Wang L, Tran ND, Kittaka M (1997) Thrombomodulin expression in bovine brain capillaries. Anticoagulant function of the blood-brain barrier, regional differences and regulatory mechanisms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 17: 3139–3146.
• 46. Warren JS (1990) Interleukins and tumor necrosis factor in inflammation. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 28: 37–59.
• 47. Weiss SJ (1989) Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med, 320: 365–376.
• 48. Yang GY, Gong C, Qin Z, Ye W, Mao Y, Bertz AL (1998) Inhibition of TNF-alpha attenuates infarct volume and ICAM-1 expression in ischemic mouse brain. Neuroreport, 9: 2131–2134.
• 49. Yang GY, Gong C, Qin Z, Liu XH, Lorris-Betz A (1999) Tumor necrosis factor alpha expression produces increased blood-brain barrier permeability following temporary focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 69: 135–143.
• 50. Zaremba J, Skrobanski P, Losy J (In press) Tumour necrosis factor-alpha is increased in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of ischaemic stroke patients and correlates with the volume of evolving brain infarct.
• 51. Zhang RL, Chopp M, Li Y, Zaloga C, Jiang N, Jones ML (1994) Anti-ICAM-1 antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Neurology, 44: 1747–1751.
• 52. del Zoppo GJ, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Mori E, Copeland BR, Chang CM (1991) Polymorphonuclear leukocytes occlude capillaries following middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion in baboons. Stroke, 22: 1276–1283.