Exploration of metagenomes for new enzymes useful in food biotechnology - a review

• Autorzy: Urban M. , Adamczak M.

Warianty tytułu

PL

Eksploracja metagenomow w celu pozyskania enzymow przydatnych w biotechnologii zywnosci - artykul przegladowy

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Metagenomics is the genomic analysis of the collective genomes of an assemblage of organisms, or the metagenome. Metagenomic analysis has been applied to diverse problems in microbiology and has yielded insight into the physiology of uncultured organisms to access the potentially useful enzymes and secondary metabolites they produce. DNA isolation methods have to be strictly adapted to the type of isolated biological material; of great importance is also the size of the obtained DNA. Small DNA fragments are usually sufficient for an analysis of individual genes or their small groups, whereas large inserts are required for analysing metabolic pathways, genome structures or sequencing large DNA fragments. There are two types of methods of extracting genomic DNA. One of them consists of the direct extraction of nucleic acids from an environmental sample after the cell lysis (in situ), followed by purification of the obtained DNA. The other method consists of the separation of bacterial cells from an environmental sample, followed by lysis of the cell suspension and DNA extraction. In the presented review methods of the environmental DNA isolation, cloning and new enzymes discovery are presented.

PL

Metagenomika obejmuje analizę wszystkich genomów (metagenom) organizmów w danym środowisku. Zastosowanie analizy metagenomicznej w badaniach mikrobiologicznych pozwoliło zrozumieć fizjologię drobnoustrojów nienamnażanych z użyciem standardowych metod, tym samym umożliwiając pozyskiwanie nowych enzymów i metabolitów wtórnych. Metody izolacji DNA muszą być ściśle dostosowane do rodzaju izolowanego materiału biologicznego i determinują jakość i wielkość otrzymanego DNA. Małe fragmenty DNA są zwykle wystarczające do analizy pojedynczych lub małych grup genów, podczas gdy duże inserty wymagane są do analizy szlaków metabolicznych, organizacji genomu czy sekwencjonowania dużych fragmentów DNA. Obecnie wyróżnia się dwa rodzaje metod ekstrakcji genomowgo DNA. Pierwsza grupa metod polega na bezpośredniej ekstrakcji kwasów nukleinowych z próbki środowiskowej po uprzedniej lizie (in situ), a następnie oczyszczeniu otrzymanego DNA. Metody pośrednie polegają na wydzieleniu komórek bakteryjnych z próbki środowiskowej, a następnie lizie zawiesiny komórek i dalej ekstrakcji DNA. W publikacji przedstawiono różne metody izolacji genomowego DNA ze środowiska naturalnego, metody jego klonowania oraz zaprezentowano przykłady pozyskiwania nowych enzymów z metagenomu.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

cloning; genomic DNA; enzyme; biodiversity; non-cultured microorganism; food biotechnology; metagenome

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
• Rocznik: 2008
• Tom: 58
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.11-22,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Urban M.

• University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, J.Heweliusz St.1, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland

autor

Adamczak M.

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