The purpose of this study was to characterize avian community structure and to determine responses of the birds to the management regime of an orchard system in central Poland. The avian assemblages in the apple orchards were shaped by the diversity of the surrounding habitats and the age of trees. The results document the decrease in bird numbers during the breeding season in relation to pesticide use.
1. BRADBURY R.B., KIRBY W.B. Farmland birds and resource protection in the UK: Crosscuting solutions for multi-functional farming? Biol. Conserv. 129, 530, 2006.
2. MARSHALL E.J.P., WEST T.M., KLEIJN D. Impacts of an agrienvironment field margin prescription on the flora and fauna of arable farmland in different landscapes. Agric. Ecos. Environ. 113, 36, 2006.
3. BOUTIN C., FREEMARK K.E., KIRK D.A. Farmland birds in southern Ontario: field use, activity patterns and vulnerability to pesticide use. Agric. Ecos. Environ. 72, 239. 1999.
4. KUJAWA K. Population density and species composition changes for breeding bird species in farmland woodlots in western Poland between 1964 and 1994. Agric. Ecos. Environ. 91, 261, 2002.
5. STOATE C., ARAUJO, BORRALHO R. Conservation of european farmland birds: abundance and species diversity. Ornis Hungarica 12-13, 33, 2003.
6. DONALD P.F., SANDERSON F.J., BURFIELD I.J., VAN BOMMEL F.P.J. Further evidence of continent-wide impacts of agricultural intensification on European farmland birds, 1990-2000. Agric. Ecos. Environ. 116, 189, 2006.
7. ORŁOWSKI G. Edangered and declining bird species of abandoned farmland in south-western Poland. Agric. Ecos. Environ. 111, 231, 2005.
8. BISHOP CH.A., VAN DER KRAAK G.J., NG P., SMITS J.E.G., HONTELA A. Health of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in Ontario, Canada. II. Sez and thyroid hormone concentrations and testes development. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 55, 561, 1998.
9. BOATMAN N.D., BRICKLE N.W., HART J.D., MILSOM T.P., MORRIS A.J., MURRAY A.W.A., MURRAY K.A., ROBERTSON P.A. Evidence for the indirect effects of pesticides on farmland birds. Ibis 146, 131, 2004.
10. GILL H., WILSON L.K., CHENG K.M., TRUDEAU S., ELLIOTT J.E. Effects of Azinphos-Methyl on American Robins breeding in fruit orchards. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 65, 756, 2000.
11. GILL H., WILSON L.K., CHENG K.M., ELLIOTT J.E. An assessment of DDT and other chlorinated compounds and the reproductive success of American Robins (Turdus migratorius) breeding in fruit orchards. Ecotoxicology 12, 113, 2003.
12. MAYNE G.J., BISHOP CH.A., MARTIN P.A., BOER- MANS H.J., HUNTER B. Thyroid function in nestling tree swallows and eastern bluebirds exposed to non-persistent pesticides and p, p' -DDE in apple orchards of southern Ontario, Canada. Ecotoxicology 14, 181, 2005.
13. SULLIVAN T.P., SULLIVAN D.S. Plant and small mammal diversity in orchard versus non-crop habitats. Agric. Ecos. Environ. 116, 235, 2006
14. MOLS CH.M.M., VISSER M. Great tits can reduce caterpillar damage in apple orchards. J. Appl. Ecol. 39, 888, 2002.
15. WUCZYŃSKI A. An analysis of the breeding avifauna of the small mid-field woodlots in the Równina Wrocławska Plain. Not. Orn. 36, 99, 1995 [In Polish].
16. TOMIAŁOJĆ L., WESOŁOWSKI T., WALANKIEWICZ W. Breeding bird community of a primaeval temperate forest (Białowieża National Park, Poland). Act. orn. 20, 241, 1984.
17. STATSOFT Inc: Statistica for Windows (data analysis system), version 6. www.statsoft.com. 2001.
18. GENGINI M., GELLINI S., GUSTIN M. Organic and integrated agriculture: the effects on bird communities in orchard farms in northern Italy. Biodiversity and Conservation 15, 3077, 2006.
19. GŁOWACIŃSKI Z. (ed.).: Polish Red Data Book of Animals. PWRiL, Warsaw. 2001.
20. FOSTER M.S. The potential of fruit trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico. Bird Conserv. Inter. 17, 45, 2007.
21. CIEŚLAK M., DOMBROWSKI A. The effect of forest size on breeding bird communities. Act. Orn. 27, 97, 1993.
22. KUJAWA K. Importance of young shelterbelts for breeding avifauna in agricultural landscape (Turew area, west Poland). Pol. J. Ecol. 52, 433, 2004.
23. TOMIAŁOJĆ L., STAWARCZYK T. The Avifauna of Poland. Distribution, Numbers and Trends. PTTP "pro Natura". pp. 870, 2003.
24. FULLER R. J. Influence of treefall gaps on distributions of breeding birds within interior old-growth stands in Białowieża forest, Poland. Condor 102, 267, 2000.
25. MULLER W., HESS R., NIEVERGELT B. Die Obstgarten und ihre Vogelwelt im Kanton Zurich. Der Ornitologische Beobachter 85, 123, 1988.
26. SANTOS T., TELLERIA J.L., CARBONELL R. Bird conservation in fragmented Mediterranean forests of Spain: effects of geographical location, habitat and landscape degradation. Biol. Conserv. 105, 113, 2002.
27. DEVICTOR V., JIGUET F. Community richness and stability in agricultural landscapes: The importance of surrounding habitats. Agric. Ecos. Environ. 120, 179, 2007.
28. BIBBY C.J., BURGESS N.D., HILL D.A. Bird census techniques. Academic Press, London, UK. pp. 257, 1992.
29. HERZON I., AUNINS A., ELTS J., PREIKSA Z. Habitat associations of farmland birds across the East Baltic region. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 16, 249, 2006.