PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
2003 | 50 | 4 |

Tytuł artykułu

Non-homologous DNA end joining

Autorzy

Warianty tytułu

Języki publikacji

EN

Abstrakty

EN
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are a serious threat for the cell and when not re­paired or misrepaired can result in mutations or chromosome rearrangements and eventually in cell death. Therefore, cells have evolved a number of pathways to deal with DSB including homologous recombination (HR), single-strand annealing (SSA) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In mammals DSBs are primarily repaired by NHEJ and HR, while HR repair dominates in yeast, but this depends also on the phase of the cell cycle. NHEJ functions in all kinds of cells, from bacteria to man, and depends on the structure of DSB termini. In this process two DNA ends are joined di­rectly, usually with no sequence homology, although in the case of same polarity of the single stranded overhangs in DSBs, regions of microhomology are utilized. The usage of microhomology is common in DNA end-joining of physiological DSBs, such as at the coding ends in V(D)J (variable(diversity) joining) recombination. The main components of the NHEJ system in eukaryotes are the catalytic subunit of DNA pro­tein kinase (DNA-PKcs), which is recruited by DNA Ku protein, a heterodimer of Ku70 and Ku80, as well as XRCC4 protein and DNA ligase IV. A complex of Rad50/Mre11/Xrs2, a family of Sir proteins and probably other yet unidentified pro­teins can be also involved in this process. NHEJ and HR may play overlapping roles in the repair of DSBs produced in the S phase of the cell cycle or at replication forks. Aside from DNA repair, NHEJ may play a role in many different processes, including the maintenance of telomeres and integration of HIV-1 genome into a host genome, as well as the insertion of pseudogenes and repetitive sequences into the genome of mammalian cells. Inhibition of NHEJ can be exploited in cancer therapy in radio- sensitizing cancer cells. Identification of all key players and fundamental mechanisms underlying NHEJ still requires further research.

Wydawca

-

Rocznik

Tom

50

Numer

4

Opis fizyczny

p.891-908,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor
  • Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
autor

Bibliografia

  • Amorino GP, Freeman ML, Carbone DP, Lebwohl De, Choy H. (1999) Radiopotentiation by the oral platinum agent, JM216: role of repair inhibition. Int JRadiat Oncol Biol Phys.; 44: 399-405.
  • Aravind L, Koonin EV. (2001) Prokaryotic homologs of the eukaryotic DNA-end-binding protein Ku, novel domains in the Ku protein and prediction of a prokaryotic double-strand break repair system. Genome Res.; 11: 1365-74.
  • Arnaudeau C, Lundin C, Helleday T. (2001) DNA double-strand breaks associated with replication forks are predominantly repaired by homologous recombination involving an exchange mechanism. J Mol Biol.; 307: 1235-45.
  • Bailey SM, Cornforth MN, Kurimasa A, Chen DJ, Goodwin EH. (2001) Strand-specific postreplicative processing of mammalian telomeres. Science.; 293: 2462-5.
  • Baumann P, West SC. (1998) DNA end-joining catalyzed by human cell-free extracts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.; 95: 14066-70.
  • Bertoncini CR, Meneghini R. (1995) DNA strand breaks produced by oxidative stress in mammalian cells exhibit 3'- phosphoglycolate termini. Nucleic Acids Res.; 23: 2995-3002.
  • Blaisdell JO, Wallace SS. (2001) Abortive base-excision repair of radiation-induced clustered DNA lesions in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A.; 98: 7426-30.
  • Blasiak J. (2001) Ethanol and acetaldehyde impair the repair of bleomycin-damaged DNA in human lymphocytes. Cytobios; 106: 141-149.
  • Boulton SJ, Jackson SP. (1996) Identification of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ku80 homologue: Roles in DNA double strand break rejoining and in telomeric maintenance. Nucleic Acids Res.; 24: 4639-48.
  • Calsou P, Frit P, Humbert O, Muller C, Chen DJ, Salles B. (1999) The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic activity regulates DNA end processing by means of Ku entry into DNA. J Biol Chem.; 274: 7848-56.
  • Cary RB, Peterson SR, Wang J, Bear DG, Bradbury EM, Chen DJ. (1997) DNA looping by Ku and the DNA-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A.; 94: 4267-72.
  • Chan DW, Lees-Miller SP. (1996) The DNA-dependent protein kinase is inactivated by autophosphorylation of the catalytic subunit. J Biol Chem.; 271: 8936-41.
  • Chan DW, Ye RQ, Veillette CJ, Lees-Miller SP. (1999) DNA-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites in Ku70/80 heterodimer. Biochemistry.; 38: 1819-28.
  • Chappell C, Hanakahi LA, Karimi-Busheri F, Weinfeld M, West SC. (2002) Involvement of human polynucleotide kinase in double-strand break repair by non-homologous end joining. EMBO J.; 21: 2827-32.
  • Chen C, Kolodner RD. (1999) Gross chromosomal rearrangement in Saccharomyces cerevisiae replication and recombination defective mutants. Nat Genet.; 23: 81-5.
  • Chen DS, Herman T, Demple B. (1991) Two distinct human DNA diesterases that hydrolyze 3'-blocking deoxyribose fragments from oxidized DNA. Nucleic Acids Res.; 19: 5907-14.
  • Chen L, Trujillo K, Sung P, Tomkinson AE. (2000) Interactions of the DNA ligase IV-XRCC4 complex with DNA ends and the DNA-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem.; 275: 26196-205.
  • Chen S, Inamdar KV, Pfeiffer P, Feldmann E, Hannah MF, Yu Y, Lee J-W, Zhou T, Lees-Miller S, Povirk LF. (2001) Acurate in vitro end joining of a DNA double strand break with partially cohesive 3'-overhangs and 3'-phosphoglycolate termini. J Biol Chem.; 276: 24323-30.
  • Cheong N, Wang X, Wang Y, Iliakis G. (1994) Loss of S-phase-dependent radioresistance in irs-1 cells exposed to X-rays. Mutat Res.; 314: 77-85.
  • Chu G. (1997) Double-strand break repair. J Biol Chem.; 272: 24097-100.
  • Cohen SM, Lippard SJ. (2001) Cisplatin: from DNA damage to cancer chemotherapy. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol.; 67: 93-130.
  • Connelly JC, Leach DRF. (1996) The sbcC and sbcD genes of Escherichia coli encode a nuclease involved in palindrome inviability and genetic recombination. Genes Cells.; 1: 285-91.
  • Critchlow SE, Jackson SP. (1998) DNA end-joining: from yeast to man. Trends Biochem Sci.; 23: 394-8.
  • Critchlow SE, Bowater RP, Jackson SP. (1997) Mammalian DNA double-strand break repair protein XRCC4 interacts with DNA ligase IV. CurrBiol.; 7: 588-98.
  • Dai Y, Kysela B, Hanakahi LA, Manolis K, Riballo E, Stumm M, Harville TO, West SC, Oettinger MA, Jeggo PA. (2003) Nonhomologous end joining and V(D)J recombination require an additional factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A.; 100: 2462-7.
  • Dizdaroglu M, von Sonntag C, Schulte-Frohlinde D. (1975) Strand breaks and sugar release by gamma-irradiation of DNA in aqueous solution. J Am Chem Soc.; 97: 2277-8.
  • Doherty AJ, Jackson SP, Weller GR. (2001) Identification of bacterial homologues of the Ku DNA repair proteins. FEBS Lett.; 500: 186-8.
  • di Fagagna F, Hande MP, Tong WM, Roth D, Lansdorp PM, Wang ZO, Jackson SP. (2001) Effects of DNA nonhomologous end-joining factors on telomere length and chromosomal stability in mammalian cells. Curr Biol.; 11: 1192-6.
  • Feldmann H, Winnacker EL. (1993) A putative homologue of the human autoantigen Ku from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem.; 268: 12895-900.
  • Feldmann H, Driller L, Meier B, Mages G, Kellermann J, Winnacker EL. (1996) HDF2, the second subunit of the Ku homologue from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem.; 271: 27765-9.
  • Feldmann E, Schmiemann V, Goedecke W, Reichenberger S, Pfeiffer P. (2000) DNA double-strand break repair in cell­free extracts from Ku80-deficient cells: implications for Ku serving as an alignment factor in non-homologous DNA end joining. Nucleic Acids Res.; 28: 2585-96.
  • Frank-Vaillant M, Marcand S. (2001) NHEJ regulation by mating type is exercised through a novel protein, Lif2p, essential to the ligase IV pathway. Genes Dev.; 15: 3005-12.
  • Frit P, Canitrot Y, Muller C, Foray N, Calsou P, Marangoni E, Bourhis J, Salles B. (1999) Cross-resistance to ionizing radiation in a murine leukemic cell line resistant to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II): role of Ku autoantigen. Mo Pharmacol.; 56: 141-6.
  • Ganesh A, North P, Thacker J. (1993) Repair and misrepair of site-specific DNA double-strand breaks by human cell extracts. MutatRes.; 299: 251-9.
  • Geldof AA, Kruit A, Newling DWW, Slotman BJ. (1999) Synergism between cisplatin and radiotherapy in an in vitro prostate tumor cell line. Anticancer Res.; 19: 505-8.
  • Gilley D, Tanaka H, Hande MP, Kurimasa A, Li GC, Oshimura M, Chen DJ. (2001) DNA-PKcs is critical for telomere capping. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A.; 98: 15084-8.
  • Glass J, Silverman CL, Axelrod R, Corn BW, Andrews DW. (1997) Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy with cis- platinum radiosensitization in the treatment of recurrent, progressive, or persistent malignant astrocytoma. Am J Clin Oncol.; 20: 226-9.
  • Goldman MA. (2003) The role of telomeres and telomerase in cancer. DrugDiscov Today.; 8: 294-6.
  • Grawunder U, Wilm M, Wu XT, Kulesza P, Wilson TE, Mann M, Lieber MR. (1997) Activity of DNA ligase IV stimulated by complex formation with XRCC4 protein in mammalian cells. Nature.; 388: 492-5.
  • Grawunder U, Zimmer D, Fugmann S, Schwarz K, Lieber MR. (1998) DNA ligase-IV is essential for V(D)J recombination and DNA double-strand break repair in human precursor lymphocytes. Mol Cell.; 2: 477-84.
  • Goytisolo FA, Samper E, Edmonson S, Taccioli GE, Blasco MA. (2001) The absence of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit in mice results in anaphase bridges and in increased telomeric fusions with normal telomere length and G- strand overhang. Mol Cell Biol.; 21: 3642-51.
  • Gu XY, Bennett RA, Povirk LF. (1996) End-joining of free radical mediated DNA double strand breaks in vitro is blocked by the kinase inhibitor wortmannin at a step preceding removal of damaged 3' termini. J Biol Chem.; 271: 19660-3.
  • Gu YS, Jin SF, Gao YJ, Weaver DT, Alt FW. (1997) Ku70-deficient embryonic stem cells have increased ionizing radiosensitivity, defective DNA end-binding activity and inability to support V(D)J recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.; 94: 8076-81.
  • Haber J. (2000) Partner and pathways — repairing of double strand break. Trends Genet.; 16: 259-264.
  • Hanakahi LA, Bartlet-Jones M, Chappell C, Pappin D, West SC. (2000) Binding of inositol phosphate to DNA-PK and stimulation of double-strand break repair. Cell.; 102: 721-9.
  • Hanakahi LA, West S C. (2002) Specific interaction of IP6 with human Ku70/80, the DNA-binding subunit of DNA-PK. EMBO J.; 21: 2038-44.
  • Harfst E, Cooper S, Neubauer S, Distel L, Grawunder U. (2000) Normal V(D)J recombination in cells from patients with Nijmegen breakage syndrome. Mol Immunol.; 37: 915-29.
  • Henner WD, Rodriguez LO, Hecht SM, Haseltine WA. (1983) Gamma-ray induced deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks. J Biol Chem.; 258: 711-3.
  • Herrmann G, Lindhal T, Schar P. (1998) Saccharomyces cerevisiae LIF1: a function involved in DNA double-strand break repair related to mammalian XRCC4. EMBO J. ; 17: 4188-98.
  • Hiom K. (2003) DNA repair: bacteria join in. Curr Biol.; 13: R28-30.
  • Jeggo PA. (1990) Studies on mammalian mutants defective in rejoining double-strand breaks in DNA MutatRes.; 239: 1-16.
  • Jeggo PA. (1997) DNA-PK: at the cross-roads of biochemistry and genetics. Mutat Res.; 384: 1-14.
  • Jeggo PA. (1998) Identification of genes involved in repair of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells. Radiat Res.; 150: S80-91.
  • Jeggo PA, Tesmer J, Chen DJ. (1991) Genetic-analysis of ionizing-radiation sensitive mutants of cultured mammalian-cell lines. Mutat Res.; 254: 125-33.
  • Junop MS, Modesti M, Guarne A, Ghirlando R, Gellert M, Yang W. (2000) Crystal structure of the Xrcc4 DNA repair protein and implications for end joining. EMBO J.; 19: 5962-70.
  • Karlseder J, Smagorzewska A, de Lange T. (2002) Senescence induced by altered telomere state, not telomere loss. Science.; 295: 2446-9
  • Karow JK, Constantinou A, Li JL, West SC, Hickson ID. (2000) The Bloom's syndrome gene product promotes branch migration of Holiday junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A.; 97: 6504-8.
  • Kegel A, Sjostrand JOO, Astrom SU. (2001) Nej1p, a cell type-specific regulator of nonhomologous end joining in yeast. Curr Biol.; 11: 1611-7.
  • Khanna KK, Jackson SP. (2001) DNA double-strand breaks: signaling, repair and the cancer connection. Nat Genet.; 27: 247-54.
  • Kim CH, Park SJ, Lee SH. (2002) A targeted inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase sensitizes breast cancer cells following ionizing radiation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.; 303: 753-9.
  • King JS, Fairley CF, Morgan WF. (1996) DNA end joining by the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I. J Biol Chem.; 271: 20450-7.
  • Labhart P. (1999) Ku-dependent non-homologous DNA end joining. Mol Cell Biol.; 19: 2585-93.
  • Lee SE, Mitchell RA, Cheng A, Hendrickson EA. (1997) Evidence for DNA-PK-dependent and -independent DNA double­strand break repair pathways in mammalian cells as a function of the cell cycle. Mol Cell Biol.; 17: 1425-33.
  • Lee KJ, Huang J, Takeda Y, Dynan WS. (2000) DNA ligase IV and XRCC4 form a stable mixed tetramer that functions synergistically with other repair factors in a cell-free end-joining system. J Biol Chem.; 275: 34787-96.
  • Lees-Miller SP, Godbout R, Chan DW, Weinfeld M, Day RS, Barron GM, Allalunis-Turner J. (1995) Absence of p350 subunit of DNA-activated protein kinase from a radiosensitive human cell line. Science.; 267: 1183-5.
  • Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. (1998) Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature.; 396: 643-9.
  • Lewis LK, Resnick MA. (2000) Tying up loose ends: nonhomologous end-joining in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat Res.; 451: 71-89.
  • Li L, Olvera JM, Yoder KE, Mitchell RS, Butler SC, Lieber M, Martin SL, Bushman FD. (2001) Role of the non­homologous DNA end joining pathway in the early steps of retroviral infection. EMBO J.; 20: 3272-81.
  • Liang F, Romanienko PJ, Jasin M. (1998) Homology-directed repair is a major double-strand break repair pathway in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A.; 95: 5172-7.
  • Lieber MR, Ma Y, Pannicke U, Schwarz K. (2003) Mechanism and regulation of human non-homologous DNA end- joining. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol.; 4: 712-20.
  • Lin FL, Sperle K, Sternberg N. (1990) Repair of double-stranded DNA breaks by homologous DNA fragments during transfer of DNA into mouse L cells. Mol Cell Biol.; 10: 113-9.
  • Liu N, Lamerdin JE, Tebbs RS, Schild D, Tucker JD, Shen MR, Brookman KW, Siciliano MJ, Walter CA, Fan W, Narayana LS, Zhou ZQ, Adamson AW, Sorensen KJ, Chen DJ, Jones NJ, Thompson LH. (1998) XRCC2 and XRCC3, new human Rad51-family members, promote chromosome stability and protect against DNA cross-links and other damages. Mol Cell.; 1: 783-93.
  • Lundin C, Erixon K, Arnaudeau C, Schultz N, Jenssen D, Meuth M, Helleday T. (2002) Different roles for nonhomologous end joining and homologous recombination following replication arrest in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol.; 22: 5869-78.
  • Ma Y, Pannicke U, Schwarz K, Lieber MR. (2002) Hairpin opening and overhang processing by an Artemis: DNA-PKcs complex in V(D)J recombination and in nonhomologous end joining. Cell.; 108: 781-94.
  • Mahajan KN, Nick McElhinny SA, Mitchell BS, Ramsden DA. (2002) Association of DNA polymerase mikro (pol mikro) with Ku and ligase IV: role for pol mikro in end-joining double-strand break repair. Mol Cell Biol.; 22: 5194-202.
  • Manolis KG, Nimmo ER, Hartsuiker E, Carr AM, Jeggo PA. (2001) Novel functional requirements for non-homologous DNA end joining in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. EMBO J.; 20: 210-21.
  • Martin SG, Laroche T, Suka N, Grunstein M, Gasser SM. (1999) Relocalization of telomeric Ku and SIR proteins in response to DNA strand breaks in yeast. Cell.; 97: 621-33.
  • Maryon E, Carroll D. (1991) Characterization of recombination intermediates from DNA injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes: evidence for a nonconservative mechanism of homologous recombination. Mol Cell Biol.; 11: 3278-87.
  • Mezhevaya K, Winters TA, Neumann RD. (1999) Gene targeted DNA double-strand break induction by 125I-labeled triplex-forming oligonucleotides is highly mutagenic following repair in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res.; 27: 4282-90.
  • Milligan JR, Aguilera JA, Paglinawan RA, Ward JF, Limoli CL. (2001) DNA strand break yields after post-high LET irradiation incubation with endonuclease-III and evidence for hydroxyl radical clustering. Int J Radiat Biol.; 77: 155-64.
  • Mills KD, Sinclair DA, Guarente L. (1999) MECl-dependent redistribution of the Sir3 silencing protein from telomeres to DNA double-strand breaks. Cell.; 97: 609-20.
  • Milne GT, Jin S, Shannon KB, Weaver DT. (1996) Mutations in two Ku homologs define a DNA end-joining repair pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol.; 16: 4189-98.
  • Moore JK, Haber JE. (1996) Cell cycle and genetic requirements of two pathways of nonhomologous end-joining repair of double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol.; 16: 2164-73.
  • Moshous D, Callebaut I, de Chasseval R, Corneo B, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Le Deist F, Tezcan I, Sanal O, Bertrand Y, Philippe N, Fischer A, de Villartay JP. (2001) Artemis, a novel DNA double-strand break repair/V(D)J recombination protein, is mutated in human severe combined immune deficiency. Cell.; 105: 177-86.
  • Myint WK, Cheng NG, Raaphorst GP. (2002) Examing the non-homologous repair process following cisplatin and radiation treatments. Int JRadiat Biol.; 78: 417-24.
  • Nick McElhinny SA, Snowden CM, McCarville J, Ramsden DA. (2000) Ku recruits the XRCC4-ligase IV complex to DNA ends. Mol Cell Biol.; 20: 2996-3003.
  • Odersky A, Panyutin IV, Panyutin IG, Schunck Ch, Feldmann E, Goedecke W, Neumann RD, Obe G, Pfeiffer P. (2002) Repair of sequence-specific 125I-induced double-strand breaks by nonhomologous DNA end joining in mammalian cell­free extracts. J Biol Chem.; 277: 11756-64.
  • Pang D, Yoo S, Dynan WS, Jung M, Dritschilo A. (1997) Ku proteins join DNA fragments as shown by atomic force microscopy. Cancer Res.; 57: 1412-5.
  • Paques F, Haber JE. (1999) Multiple pathways of recombination induced by double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. ; 63: 349-404.
  • Pastwa E, Neumann RD, Winters TA. (2001) In vitro repair of complex unligatable oxidatively induced DNA double­strand breaks by human cell extracts. Nucleic Acids Res.; 29: E78-8.
  • Pastwa E, Neumann RD, Mezhevaya K, Winters TA. (2003) Repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks is dependent upon radiation quality and the structural complexity of double-strand breaks. Radiat Res.; 159: 251-61.
  • Paull TT, Gellert M. (1998) The 3'-5' exonuclease activity of Mre11 facilitates repair of DNA double strand breaks. Mol Cell.; 1: 969-79.
  • Raaphorst GP, Wang G, Wilkins D, Davis L, Bussey A, Stewart D, Ng CE. (1994) Evaluation of cisplatin response in three radiation resistant and three radiation sensitive cell lines. Anticancer Res.; 14: 1939-42.
  • Riballo E, Critchlow SE, Teo SH, Doherty AJ, Priestley A, Broughton B, Kysela B, Beamish H, Plowman N, Arlett CF, Lehmann AR, Jackson SP, Jeggo PA. (1999) Identification of a defect in DNA ligase IV in a radiosensitive leukaemia patient. Curr Biol.; 9: 699-702.
  • Roth D, Wilson D. (1998) Illegitimate recombination in mammalian cells. In Genetic recombination. Kucherlapati R, Smith CR, eds. p621. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC.
  • Saintigny Y, Delacote F, Vares G, Petitot F, Lambert S, Averbeck D, Lopez BS. (2001) Characterization of homologous recombination induced by replication inhibition in mammalian cells. EMBO J.; 20: 3861-70.
  • Samper E, Goytisolo FA, Slijepcevic P, van Buul PP, Blasco MA. (2000) Mammalian Ku86 protein prevents telomeric fusions independently of the length of TTAGGG repeats and the G-strand overhang. EMBO Rep.; 1: 244-52.
  • Sandoval A, Labhart P. (2002) Joining of DNA ends bearing non-matching 3'-overhangs. DNA Repair.; 1: 397-410.
  • Schar P, Herrman G, Daly G, Lindhal T. (1997) A newly identified DNA ligase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae involved in RAD52-independent repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Genes Dev.; 11: 1912-24.
  • Servidei T, Ferlini C, Riccardi A, Meco D, Scambia G, Segni G, Manzotti C, Riccardi R. (2001) The novel trinuclear platinum complex BBR3464 induces a cellular response different from cisplatin. Eur J Cancer.; 37: 930-8.
  • Sibanda BL, Critchlow SE, Begun J, Pei XY, Jackson SP, Blundell TL, Pellegrini L. (2001) Crystal structure of an Xrcc4- DNA ligase complex. Nat Struct Biol.; 8: 1015-9.
  • Slupianek A, Hoser G, Majsterek I, Bronisz A, Malecki M, Blasiak J, Fishel R, Skorski T.(2002) Fusion tyrosine kinases induce therapeutic drug resistance by stimulation of homology-dependent recombination repair, prolongation of G2/M phase and protection from apoptosis.Mol Cell Biol.; 22: 4189-201.
  • Smagorzewska A, de Lange T. (2002) Different telomere damage signalling pathways in human and mouse cells. EMBO J. ; 21: 4338-48.
  • Smagorzewska A, Karlseder J, Holtgreve-Grez H, Jauch A, de Lange T. (2002) DNA ligase IV-dependent NHEJ of deprotected mammalian telomeres in G1 and G2. Curr Biol.; 12: 1635-44.
  • Smith J, Baldeyron C, de Oliveira I, Sala-Trepat M, Papadopoulo D. (2001) The influence of DNA double-strand break structure on end-joining in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res.; 29: 4783-92.
  • Stamato TD, Dipatri A, Giaccia A. (1988) Cell-cycle-dependent repair of potentially lethal damage in the XR-1 g-ray- sensitive Chinese hamster ovary cell. Radiat Res.; 115: 325-33.
  • Suh D, Wilson DM, Povirk LF. (1997) 3'-Phosphodiesterase activity of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease at DNA double-strand break ends. Nucleic Acids Res.; 25: 2495-500.
  • Takata M, Sasaki MS, Sonoda E, Morrison C, Hashimoto M, Utsumi H, Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Shinohara A, Takeda S. (1998) Homologous recombination and nonhomologous end-joining pathways of DNA double-strand break repair have overlapping roles in the maintenance of chromosomal integrity in vertebrate cells. EMBO J.; 17: 5497-508.
  • Teo SH, Jackson SP. (1997) Identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA ligase IV: involvement in DNA double­strand break repair. EMBO J.; 16: 4788-95.
  • Teo SH, Jackson SP. (2000) Lif1p targets the DNA ligase Lig4p to sites of DNA double-strand breaks. Curr Biol.; 10: 165-8.
  • Thompson LH. (1996) Evidence that mammalian cells possess homologous recombinational repair pathways. Mutat Res.; 363: 77-88.
  • Thompson LH, Schild D. (2001) Homologous recombination repair of DNA ensures mammalian chromosome stability. Mutat Res.; 477: 131-53.
  • Tomkinson AE, Mackey ZB. (1998) Structure and function of mammalian DNA ligases. Mutat Res.; 407: 1-9.
  • Tsukamoto Y, Kato J, Ikeda H. (1997) Silencing factors participate in DNA repair and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature.; 388: 900-3.
  • Turchi JJ, Henkels KM, Zhou Y. (2000) Cisplatin-DNA adducts inhibit translocation of the Ku subunits of DNA-PK. Nucleic Acids Res. ; 28: 4634-41.
  • Venkitaraman AR. (1999) Breast cancer genes and DNA repair. Science.; 286: 1100-2.
  • Ward JF. (2000) Complexity of damage produced by ionizing radiation. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol.; 65: 377-82.
  • Weaver DT. (1996) Regulation and repair of double-strand DNA breaks. Crit RevEukaryot Gene Expr.; 6: 345-75.
  • Wei Ch, Skopp R, Takata M, Takeda S, Price CM. (2002) Effects of double-strand break repair proteins on vertebrate telomere structure. Nucleic Acids Res.; 30: 2862-70.
  • Weller GR, Doherty AJ. (2001) A family of DNA repair ligases in bacteria? FEBSLett.; 505: 340-2.
  • Weller GR, Kysela B, Roy R, Tonkin LM, Scanlan E, Della M, Devine SK, Day JP, Wilkinson A, di Fagagna F, Devine KM, Bowater RP, Jeggo PA, Jackson SP, Dohert AJ. (2002) Identification of a DNA nonhomologous end-joining complex in bacteria. Science.; 297: 1686-9.
  • Wilson TE, Grawunder U, Lieber MR. (1997) Yeast DNA ligase IV mediates non-homologous DNA end joining. Nature.; 388: 495-8.
  • Wilson TE, Topper LM, Palmbos PL. (2003) Non-homologous end-joining: bacteria join the chromosome breakdance. Trends Biochem Sci.; 28: 62-6.
  • Winters TA, Weinfeld M, Jorgensen TJ. (1992) Human HeLa-cell enzymes that remove phosphoglycolate 3'-end groups from DNA. Nucleic Acids Res.; 20: 2573-80.
  • Wozniak K, Blasiak J. (2002) Recognition and repair of DNA-cisplatin adducts. Acta Biochim Polon.; 49: 583-96.
  • Wu X, Wilson TE, Lieber MR. (1999) A role for FEN-1 in nonhomologous DNA end joining: the order of strand annealing and nucleolytic processing events. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A.; 96: 1303-8.
  • Wu X, Ranganathan V, Weisman DS, Heine WF, Ciccone DN, O'Neil TB, Crick KE, Pierce KA, Lane WS, Rathbun C, Livingston DM, Weaver DT. (2000) ATM phosphorylation of Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein is required in a DNA damage response. Nature.; 405: 477-82.
  • Yaneva M, Kowalewski T, Lieber MR. (1997) Interaction of DNA-dependent protein kinase with DNA and with Ku: biochemical and atomic-force microscopy studies. EMBO J. ; 16: 5098-112.

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikatory

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.agro-article-3cf198e3-7546-4ce2-8e9f-ce4fd0cc243f
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.