Carapace bone histology in the giant pleurodiran turtle Stupendemys geographicus: phylogeny and function

• Autorzy: Scheyer T M , Sanchez-Villagra M.R.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Stupendemys geographicus (Pleurodira: Pelomedusoides: Podocnemidae) is a giant turtle from the Miocene of Venezuela and Brazil. The bone histology of the carapace of two adult specimens from the Urumaco Formation is described herein, one of which is the largest of this species ever found. In order to determine phylogenetic versus scaling factors influencing bone histology, S. geographicus is compared with related podocnemid Podocnemis erythrocephala, and with fossil and Recent pelomedusoides taxa Bothremys barberi, Taphrosphys sulcatus, “Foxemys cf. F. mechinorum”, and Pelomedusa subrufa. Potential scaling effects on bone histology were further investigated by comparison to the Pleistocene giant tortoise Hesperotestudo (Caudochelys) crassiscutata and the Late Cretaceous marine protostegid turtle Archelon ischyros. A diploe structure of the shell with well developed external and internal cortices framing interior cancellous bone is plesiomorphic for all sampled taxa. Similarly, the occurrence of growth marks in the shell elements is interpreted as plesiomorphic, with the sampled neural elements providing the most extensive record of growth marks. The assignment of S. geographicus to the Podocnemidae was neither strengthened nor refuted by the bone histology. A reduced thickness of the internal cortex of the shell elements constitutes a potential synapomorphy of the Bothremydidae. S. geographicus and H. crassiscutata both express extensive weight−reduction through lightweightconstruction while retaining form stability of the shell. The bone histology of A. ischyros presents features likely related to an open marine lifestyle.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

bone histology; Pleurodira; phylogenesis; bone analysis; Miocene; Stupendemys geographicus; Pelomedusoides; bone microstructure; giant pleurodiran turtle; Testudines; Bothremydidae; Podocnemidae; paleontology

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
• Rocznik: 2007
• Tom: 52
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.137-154,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Scheyer T M

• University of Bonn, Nussallee 8, D-53115 Bonn, Germany

autor

Sanchez-Villagra M.R.

Bibliografia

• Aguilera Socorro, O.A. 2004. Tesoros paleontológicos de Venezuela: Urumaco, Patrimonio Natural de la Humanidad. 148 pp. Arte, Caracas.
• Aguilera, O., Sánchez, R., and Terrible, F. 1994. Un nuevo registro de Stupendemys geographicus Wood, 1976 (Testudinidae: Pelomedusidae) de la Formación Urumaco (Mioceno Tardío) en el Estado Falcón, Venezuela. Convención Anual de ASOVAC, 54, Coro, UNEFM, Acta Científica Venezolana, Resúmenes 45: 333.
• Antunes, M.T. and Broin, F. de 1988. Le Crétacé terminal de Beira Litoral, Portugal: remarques stratigraphiques et écologiques, étude complémentaire de Rosasia soutoi (Chelonii, Bothremydidae). Ciências da Terra 9: 153–200.
• Barrett, P.M., Clarke, J.B., Brinkman, D.B., Chapman, S.D., and Ensom, P.C. 2002. Morphology, histology and identification of the “granicones” from the Purbeck Limestone Formation (Lower Cretaceous: Berriasian) of Dorset, southern England. Cretaceous Research 23: 279–295.
• Bloom, W. and Fawcett, D.W. 1994. A Textbook of Histology. 12th Edition. 460 pp. Chapman and Hall, New York.
• Bonnaterre, P.J. 1789. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Erpétologie. 72 pp. Panckoucke, Paris.
• Broin, F. de 1977. Contribution à l’étude des chéloniens. Chéloniens continentaux du Crétacé et du Tertiaire de France. Mémoires du Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle C38: 1–366.
• Broin, F. de 1988. Les tortues et le Gondwana. Examen des rapports entre le fractionnement du Gondwana au Crétacé et la dispersion géographique des tortues pleurodires à partir du Crétacé. Studia Geologica Salmanticensia, Studia Palaeocheloniologica 2: 103–142.
• Buffrénil, V. de and Mazin, J.−M. 1990. Bone histology of the ichthyosaurs: comparative data and functional interpretation. Paleobiology 16: 435–447.
• Buffrénil, V. de and Schoevaert, D. 1988. On how the periosteal bone of the delphinid humerus becomes cancellous: ontogeny of a histological specialization. Journal of Morphology 198: 149–164.
• Buffrénil, V. de, Mazin, J.−M., and Ricqlès, A. de 1987. Caractères structuraux et mode de croissance du fémur d’Omphalosaurus nisseri, ichthyosaurien du Trias moyen de Spitzberg. Annales de Paléontologie (Vert.−Invert.) 73: 195–216.
• Castanet, J. 1987. La squelettochronologie chez les reptiles III – application [with English summary]. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Paris 8: 157–172.
• Castanet, J. 1988. Les méthodes d’estimation de l’age chez les chéloniens [with English summary]. Mésogée 48: 21–28.
• Castanet, J. and Cheylan, M. 1979. Les marques de croissance de l’age chez Testudo hermanni et Testudo graeca (Reptilia, Chelonia, Testudinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 57: 1649–1665.
• Castanet, J., Francillon−Vieillot, H., Meunier, F.J., and Ricqlès, A. de 1993. Bone and individual aging. In: B.K. Hall (ed.), Bone Volume 7: Bone Growth – B, 245–283. CRC, Boca Raton.
• Cherepanov, G.O. 1997. The origin of the bony shell of turtles as a unique evolutionary model in reptiles. Russian Journal of Herpetology 4: 155–162.
• Coles, W.C., Musick, J.A., and Williamson, L.A. 2001. Skeletochronology validation from an adult loggerhead (Caretta caretta).Copeia 1: 240–242.
• Ernst, C.H. and Barbour, R.W. 1989. Turtles of the World. 313 pp. Smithonian, Washington D.C.
• Ewert, M.A. 1985. Embryology of turtles. In: C. Gans, F. Billet, and P.F.A. Maderson (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 14—Development A, 75–268. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Francillon−Vieillot, H., Buffrénil, V. de, Castanet, J., Géraudie, J., Meunier, F.J., Sire, J.Y., Zylberberg, L., and Ricqlès, A. de 1990. Microstructure and mineralization of vertebrate skeletal tissues.In: J.G. Carter (ed.), Skeletal Biomineralization: Patterns, Processes and Evolutionary Trends, 471–530. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
• Frye, F.L. 1991. Reptile Care, an Atlas of Diseases and Treatments. 637 pp. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City.
• Fuente, M. de la 2003. Two new pleurodiran turtles from the Portezuelo Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Paleontology 77: 559–575.
• Gaffney, E.S. 1975. A revision of the side−necked turtle Taphrosphys sulcatus (Leidy) from the Cretaceous of New Jersey. American Museum Novitates 2571: 1–24.
• Gaffney, E.S. 2001. Cearachelys, a new side−necked turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil. American Museum Novitates 3319: 1–20.
• Gaffney, E.S. and Forster, C.A. 2003. Side−necked turtle lower jaws (Podocnemididae, Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of Madagascar. American Museum Novitates 3397: 1–13.
• Gaffney, E.S. and Meylan, P.A. 1988. A phylogeny of turtles. In: M.J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods. Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, 157–219. Clarendon, Oxford.
• Gaffney, E.S. and Zangerl, R. 1968. A revision of chelonian genus Bothremys (Pleurodira: Pelomedusidae). Fieldiana Geology 16: 193–239.
• Gaffney, E.S., Campbell, K.E., and Wood, R.C. 1998. Pelomedusoid sidenecked turtles from Late Miocene sediments in Southwestern Amazonia. American Museum Novitates 3245: 1–11.
• Hailey, A. and Lambert, M.R.K. 2002. Comparative growth patterns in Afrotropical giant tortoises (Reptilia Testudinidae). Tropical Zoology 15: 121–139.
• Haines, R.W. and Mohuiddin, A. 1968. Metaplastic bone. Journal of Anatomy 103: 527–538.
• Hall, B.K. 2005. Bones and Cartilage: Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology. 760 pp. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam.
• Head, J.J., Raza, S.M., and Gingerich, P.D. 1999. Drazinderetes tethyensis, a new large trionychid (Reptilia: Testudines) from the marine Eocene Drazinda Formation of the Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan 30: 199–214.
• Hill, R.V. 2005. Integration of morphological data sets for phylogenetic analysis of Amniota: the importance of integumentary characters and increased taxonomic sampling. Systematic Biology 54: 530–547.
• Hutchison, J.H. and Frye, F.L. 2001. Evidence of pathology in early Cenozoic turtles. PaleoBios 21: 12–19.
• Joyce, W.G., Parham, J.F., and Gauthier, J.A. 2004. Developing a protocol for the conversion of rank−based taxon names to phylogenetically defined clade names, as exemplified by turtles. Journal of Paleontology 78: 989–1013.
• Kälin, J. 1945. Zur Morphogenese des Panzers bei den Schildkröten. Acta Anatomica 1: 144–176.
• Klingenberg, C.P. 1998. Heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in ontogeny. Biological Reviews 73: 79–123.
• Klinger, R.C. and Musick, J.A. 1992. Annular growth layers in juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta).Bulletin of Marine Science 51: 224–230.
• Klinger, R.C. and Musick, J.A. 1995. Age and growth of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from Chesapeake Bay. Copeia 1: 204–209.
• Landberg, T., Mailhot, J.D., and Brainerd, E.L. 2003. Lung ventilation during treadmill locomotion in a terrestrial turtle, Terrapene carolina. Journal of Experimental Biology 206: 3391–3404.
• Lapparent de Broin, F. de, Bocquentin, J., and Negri, F.R. 1993. Gigantic turtles (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) from the Late Miocene–Early Pliocene of South Western Amazon. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Études Andines 22: 657–670.
• Lapparent de Broin, F. de 2001. The European turtle fauna from the Triassic to the Present. Dumerilia 4: 155–217.
• Leidy, J. 1856. Notices of remains of extinct turtles of New Jersey, collected by Prof. Cook, of the State Geological Survey, under the direction of Dr. W. Kitchell. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8: 303–304.
• Leidy, J. 1889. Description of vertebrate remains from Peace Creek, Florida. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institut of Science of Philadelphia 7: 13–31.
• Levrat−Calviac, V. and Zylberberg, L. 1986. The structure of the osteoderms in the gekko: Tarentola mauritanica. American Journal of Anatomy 176: 437–446.
• Liem, K.F., Bemis, W.E., Walker, W.F. Jr., and Grande, L. 2001. Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates—An Evolutionary Perspective. 703 pp. Harcourt College Publishers, Fort Worth.
• Main, R.P., Ricqlès, A. de, Horner, J.R., and Padian, K. 2005. The evolution and function of thyreophoran dinosaur scutes: implications for plate function in stegosaurs. Paleobiology 31: 291–314.
• Meylan, P.A. 1995. Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles from the Leisey Shell Pit, Hillsborough County, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 37 (1): 273–297.
• Meylan, P.A. 1996. Skeletal morphology and relationships of the Early Cretaceous side−necked turtle, Araripemys barretoi (Testudines: Pelomedusoides: Araripemydidae), from the Santana Formation of Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 20–33.
• Noonan, B.P. 2000. Does the phylogeny of pelomedusid turtles reflect vicariance due to continental drift? Journal of Biogeography 27: 1245–1249.
• Peters, R.H. 1983. The Ecological Implications of Body Size. 329 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Ricqlès, A. de 1989. Les mécanismes hétérochroniques dans le retour des tétrapodes au milieu aquatique [with English abstract]. Geobios Mémoire Spécial 12: 337–348.
• Ricqlès, A. de and Buffrénil, V. de 2001. Bone histology, heterochronies and the return of tetrapods to life in water: where are we? In: J.−M. Mazin and V. de Buffrénil (eds.), Secondary Adaptations of Tetrapods to Life in Water, 289–310. Dr. Fr. Pfeil, München.
• Ricqlès, A. de, Pereda Suberbiola, X., Gasparini, Z., and Olivero, E. 2001. Histology of dermal ossifications in an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial 7: 171–174.
• Rieppel, O. 1993. Studies on skeleton formation in reptiles: patterns of ossification in the skeleton of Chelydra serpentina (Reptilia, Testudines). Journal of Zoology, London 231: 487–509.
• Sander, P.M. 2000. Longbone histology of the Tendaguru sauropods: implications for growth and biology. Paleobiology 26: 466–488.
• Scheyer, T.M. and Sander, P.M. 2004. Histology of ankylosaur osteoderms: implications for systematics and function. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24: 874–893.
• Scheyer, T.M., Sander, P.M., Joyce, W.G., Böhme, W., and Witzel, U. (in press). A plywood structure in the shell of fossil and living soft−shelled turtles (Trionychidae) and its evolutionary implications. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution.
• Schmidt, K.P. 1940. New turtle of the genus Podocnemis from the Cretaceous of Kansas. Geological series of Field Museum of Natural History 8: 1–12.
• Sheil, C.A. 2003. Osteology and skeletal development of Apalone spinifera (Reptilia: Testudines: Trionychidae). Journal of Morphology 256: 42–78.
• Shimada, K. and Hooks III, G.E. 2004. Shark−bitten protostegid turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Moorville Chalk, Alabama. Journal of Paleontology 78: 205–210.
• Sinn, A.D. 2004. Pathologie der Reptilien – eine retrospektive Studie. 160 pp. Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig−Maximilian−Universität, München [available online at: http://edoc.ub.uni−muenchen.de/archive/00001849/].
• Snover, M.L. and Hohn, A.A. 2004. Validation and interpretation of annual skeletal marks in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) sea turtles. Fishery Bulletin 102: 682–692.
• Spix, J.B. 1824. Animalia nova sive species novae Testudinum et Ranarum, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII–MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis suscepto collegit et descripsit. 53 pp. F.S. Hübschmann, Monachium.
• Suzuki, H.K. 1963. Studies on the osseous system of the slider turtle. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 109: 351–410.
• Taylor, M.A. 2000. Functional significance of bone ballastin in the evolution of buoyancy control strategies by aquatic tetrapods. Historical Biology 14: 15–31.
• Tong, H. and Gaffney, E.S. 2000. Description of the skull of Polysternon provinciale (Matheron, 1869), a side−necked turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Villeveyrac, France. Oryctos 3: 9–18.
• Tong, H., Gaffney, E.S., and Buffetaut, E. 1998. Foxemys, a new sidenecked turtle (Bothremydidae: Pelomedusoides) from the Late Cretaceous of France. American Museum Novitates 3251: 1–19.
• Vallén, E. 1942. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Ontogenie und der vergleichenden Anatomie des Schildkrötenpanzers. Acta Zoologica 23: 1–127.
• Wieland, G.R. 1896. Archelon ischyros: a new gigantic cryptodire testudinate from the Fort Pierre Cretaceous of South Dakota. American Journal of Science, Series 4 2: 399–412.
• Wood, R.C. 1976. Stupendemys geographicus, the world’s largest turtle. Breviora 436: 1–31.
• Zangerl, R. 1969. The turtle shell. In: C. Gans, A. d'A. Bellairs, and T.S. Parsons (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 1 Morphology A, 311–339. Academic Press, London.
• Zug, G.R. and Glor, R.E. 1998. Estimates of age and growth in a population of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the Indian River lagoon system, Florida: a skeletochronological analysis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76: 1497–1506.
• Zug, G.R. and Parham, J.F. 1996. Age and growth in leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea (Testudines: Dermochelyidae): a skeletochronological analysis. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2: 244–249.
• Zug, G.R., Wynn, A.H., and Ruckdeschel, C. 1986. Age determination of loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, by incremental growth marks in the skeleton. Smithonian Contributions to Zoology 427: 1–34.
• Zug, G.R., Balazs, G.H., Wetherall, J.A., Parker, D.M., and Murakawa, S.K.K. 2001. Age and growth of Hawaiian green seaturtles (Chelonia mydas): an analysis based on skeletochronology. Fishery Bulletin 100: 117–127.