PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
2007 | 54 | 4 |

Tytuł artykułu

Leukemic stem cells: from metabolic pathways and signaling to a new concept of drug resistance targeting

Warianty tytułu

Języki publikacji

EN

Abstrakty

EN
Cancer stem cells are a small subset of cancer cells constituting a reservoir of self-sustaining cells with the exclusive ability to self-renew and maintain the tumor. These cells are identified by specific stem cell markers: antigens, molecules and signaling pathways. Transcription factors and molecules associated with oncogenesis, such as NF-κB, Bmi-1, Notch, WNT beta-catenin, Sonic hedgehog and their biochemical pathways, active only in a small minority of cancer cells might play key roles in determining the biology and the overall long-term behavior of a tumor. The molecules and pathways specific for cancer stem cells, which contribute to their drug resistance, are potential targets for new therapeutic strategies.

Wydawca

-

Rocznik

Tom

54

Numer

4

Opis fizyczny

p.717-726,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

  • Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M.Curie-Sklodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
autor

Bibliografia

  • Alvi AJ, Clayton H, Joshi C, Enver T, Ashworth A, Vivanco MM, Dale TC, Smalley MJ (2003) Functional and molecular characterisation of mammary side population cells. Breast Cancer Res 5: R1-8.
  • Andl T, Reddy ST, Gaddapara T, Millar SE (2002) WNT signals are required for the initiation of hair follicle development. Dev Cell 2: 643-653.
  • Asakura A, Rudnicki MA (2002) Side population cells from diverse adult tissues are capable of in vitro hematopoietic differentiation. Exp Hematol 30: 1339-1345.
  • Baer MR, George SL, Dodge RK, O'Loughlin KL, Minderman H, Caligiuri MA, Anastasi J, Powell BL, Kolitz JE, Schiffer CA, Bloomfield CD, Larson RA (2002) Phase 3 study of the multidrug resistance modulator PSC-833 in previously untreated patients 60 years of age and older with acute myeloid leukemia: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9720. Blood100: 1224-1232.
  • Bale AE, Yu KP (2001) The hedgehog pathway and basal cell carcinomas. Hum Mol Genet 10: 757-762.
  • Berman DM, Karhadkar SS, Maitra A, Montes De Oca R, Gerstenblith MR, Briggs K, Parker AR, Shimada Y, Eshleman JR, Watkins DN, Beachy PA (2003) Widespread requirement for Hedgehog ligand stimulation in growth of digestive tract tumours. Nature 425: 846-851.
  • Bhardwaj G, Murdoch B, Wu D, Baker DP, Williams KP, Chadwick K, Ling LE, Karanu FN, Bhatia M (2001) Sonic hedgehog induces the proliferation of primitive human hematopoietic cells via BMP regulation. Nat Immunol 2: 172-180.
  • Bhatia R, Holtz M, Niu N, Gray R, Snyder DS, Sawyers CL, Arber DA, Slovak ML, Forman SJ (2003) Persistence of malignant hematopoietic progenitors in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients in complete cytogenetic remission following imatinib mesylate treatment. Blood 101: 4701-4707.
  • Blair A, Pamphilon DH (2003) Leukaemic stem cells. Transfus Med 13: 363-375.
  • Blanpain C, Lowry WE, Geoghegan A, Polak L, Fuchs E (2004) Self-renewal, multipotency, and the existence of two cell
  • populations within an epithelial stem cell niche. Cell 118: 635-648.
  • Bonnet D, Dick JE (1997) Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat Med 3: 730-737.
  • Borowski E, Bontemps-Gracz MM, Piwkowska A (2005) Strategies for overcoming ABC-transporters-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells. Acta Biochim Polon 52: 609-627.
  • Cairns J (2002) Somatic stem cells and the kinetics of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 10567-10570.
  • Clarke MF, Fuller M (2006) Stem cells and cancer: two faces of eve. Cell 124: 1111-1115.
  • Clarke MF, Dick JE, Dirks PB, Eaves CJ, Jamieson CH, Jones DL, Visvader J, Weissman IL, Wahl GM (2006) Cancer
  • stem cells - perspectives on current status and future directions: AACR Workshop on Cancer Stem Cells. Cancer Res 66: 9339-9344.
  • Cotsarelis G, Millar SE (2001) Towards a molecular understanding of hair loss and its treatment. Trends Mol Med 7: 293-301.
  • Cozzio A, Passegue E, Ayton PM, Karsunky H, Cleary ML, Weissman IL (2003) Similar MLL-associated leukemias arising from self-renewing stem cells and short-lived myeloid progenitors. Genes Dev 17: 3029-3035.
  • Dalerba P, Guiducci C, Poliani PL, Cifola I, Parenza M, Frattini M, Gallino G, Carnevali I, Di Giulio I, Andreola S, Lombardo C, Rivoltini L, Schweighoffer T, Belli F, Colombo MP, Parmiani G, Castelli C (2005) Reconstitution of human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression rescues colorectal carcinoma cells from in vitro senescence: evidence against immortality as a constitutive trait of tumor cells. Cancer Res 65: 2321-2329.
  • Dalerba P, Cho RW, Clarke MF (2007) Cancer stem cells: models and concepts. Annu Rev Med 58: 267-284.
  • de Guzman CG, Warren AJ, Zhang Z, Gartland L, Erickson P, Drabkin H, Hiebert SW, Klug CA (2002) Hematopoietic stem cell expansion and distinct myeloid developmental abnormalities in a murine model of the AML1-ETO translocation. Mol Cell Biol 22: 5506-5517.
  • Dean M (1997) Towards a unified model of tumor suppression: lessons learned from the human patched gene. Biochim Biophys Acta 1332: M43-52.
  • Dean M (2005) The genetics of ATP-binding cassette transporters. Methods Enzymol 400: 409-429.
  • Dean M (2006) Cancer stem cells: redefining the paradigm of cancer treatment strategies. Mol Interv 6: 140-148.
  • Dean M, Annilo T (2005) Evolution of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily in vertebrates. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 6:123-142.
  • Dean M, Hamon Y, Chimini G (2001) The human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. J Lipid Res 42:1007-1017.
  • Dean M, Fojo T, Bates S (2005) Tumour stem cells and drug resistance. Nat Rev Cancer 5:275-284.
  • Di Cristofano A, Pandolfi PP (2000) The multiple roles of PTEN in tumor suppression. Cell 100:387-390.
  • Dimri GP, Martinez JL, Jacobs JJ, Keblusek P, Itahana K, Van Lohuizen M, Campisi J, Wazer DE, Band V (2002) The Bmi-1 oncogene induces telomerase activity and immortalizes human mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 62: 4736-4745.
  • Doyle LA, Yang W, Abruzzo LV, Krogmann T, Gao Y, Rishi AK, Ross DD (1998) A multidrug resistance transporter from human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:15665-15670.
  • Duncan AW, Rattis FM, DiMascio LN, Congdon KL, Pazianos G, Zhao C, Yoon K, Cook JM, Willert K, Gaiano N, Reya T (2005) Integration of Notch and Wnt signaling in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. Nat Immunol 6:314-322.
  • Ellisen LW, Bird J, West DC, Soreng AL, Reynolds TC, Smith SD, Sklar J (1991) TAN-1, the human homolog of the Drosophilanotch gene, is broken by chromosomal translocations in T lymphoblastic neoplasms. Cell 66:649-661.
  • Goldie JH, Coldman AJ (1979) A mathematic model for relating the drug sensitivity of tumors to their spontaneous mutation rate. Cancer Treat Rep 63:1727-1733.
  • Golub TR, Slonim DK, Tamayo P, Huard C, Gaasenbeek M, Mesirov JP, Coller H, Loh ML, Downing JR, Caligiuri MA, Bloomfield CD, Lander ES (1999) Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science 286:531-537.
  • Goodell MA, Brose K, Paradis G, Conner AS, Mulligan RC (1996) Isolation and functional properties of murine hematopoietic stem cells that are replicating in vivo. J Exp Med 183:1797-1806.
  • Gottesman MM, Fojo T, Bates SE (2002) Multidrug resistance in cancer: role of ATP-dependent transporters. Nat Rev Cancer 2:48-58.
  • Graham SM, Jorgensen HG, Allan E, Pearson C, Alcorn MJ, Richmond L, Holyoake TL (2002) Primitive, quiescent, Philadelphia-positive stem cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia are insensitive to STI571 in vitro. Blood 99:319-325.
  • Guan Y, Gerhard B, Hogge DE (2003) Detection, isolation, and stimulation of quiescent primitive leukemic progenitor cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood 101:3142-3149.
  • Guzman ML, Neering SJ, Upchurch D, Grimes B, Howard DS, Rizzieri DA, Luger SM, Jordan CT (2001) Nuclear factor-kappaB is constitutively activated in primitive human acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Blood 98:2301-2307.
  • Guzman ML, Swiderski CF, Howard DS, Grimes BA, Rossi RM, Szilvassy SJ, Jordan CT (2002) Preferential induction of apoptosis for primary human leukemic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:16220-16225.
  • Guzman ML, Rossi RM, Karnischky L, Li X, Peterson DR, Howard DS, Jordan CT (2005) The sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide induces apoptosis of human acute myelogenous leukemia stem and progenitor cells. Blood 105:4163-4169.
  • Hahn H, Wicking C, Zaphiropoulous PG, Gailani MR, Shanley S, Chidambaram A, Vorechovsky I, Holmberg E, Unden AB, Gillies S, Negus K, Smyth I, Pressman C, Leffell DJ, Gerrard B, Goldstein AM, Dean M, Toftgard R, Chenevix-Trench G, Wainwright B, Bale AE (1996) Mutations of the human homolog of Drosophilapatched in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Cell 85:841-851.
  • Henrich CJ, Bokesch HR, Dean M, Bates SE, Robey RW, Goncharova EI, Wilson JA, McMahon JB (2006) A high-throughput cell-based assay for inhibitors of ABCG2 activity. J Biomol Screen 11:176-183.
  • Holyoake T, Jiang X, Eaves C, Eaves A (1999) Isolation of a highly quiescent subpopulation of primitive leukemic cells in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 94:2056-2064.
  • Jamieson CH, Ailles LE, Dylla SJ, Muijtjens M, Jones C, Zehnder JL, Gotlib J, Li K, Manz MG, Keating A, Sawyers CL, Weissman IL (2004) Granulocyte-macrophage progenitors as candidate leukemic stem cells in blast-crisis CML. N Engl J Med 351:657-667.
  • Jamora C, DasGupta R, Kocieniewski P, Fuchs E (2003) Links between signal transduction, transcription and adhesion in epithelial bud development. Nature 422:317-322.
  • Johnson RL, Rothman AL, Xie J, Goodrich LV, Bare JW, Bonifas JM, Quinn AG, Myers RM, Cox DR, Epstein EH Jr, Scott MP (1996) Human homolog of patched, a candidate gene for the basal cell nevus syndrome. Science 272:1668-1671.
  • Jordan CT (2007) The leukemic stem cell. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 20:13-18.
  • Jordan CT, Guzman ML (2004) Mechanisms controlling pathogenesis and survival of leukemic stem cells. Oncogene 23:7178-7187.
  • Jordan CT, Upchurch D, Szilvassy SJ, Guzman ML, Howard DS, Pettigrew AL, Meyerrose T, Rossi R, Grimes B, Rizzieri DA, Luger SM, Phillips GL (2000) The interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain is a unique marker for human acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells. Leukemia 14:1777-1784.
  • Kantarjian HM, Estey EH, Keating MA (1996) New chemotherapeutic agents in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 10 (Suppl 1): S4-6.
  • Karhadkar SS, Bova GS, Abdallah N, Dhara S, Gardner D, Maitra A, Isaacs JT, Berman DM, Beachy PA (2004) Hedgehog signalling in prostate regeneration, neoplasia and metastasis. Nature 431:707-712.
  • Kim M, Turnquist H, Jackson J, Sgagias M, Yan Y, Gong M, Dean M, Sharp JG, Cowan K (2002) The multidrug resistance transporter ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein 1) effluxes Hoechst 33342 and is overexpressed in hematopoietic stem cells. Clin Cancer Res 8:22-28.
  • Knutsen T, Mickley LA, Ried T, Green ED, du Manoir S, Schrock E, Macville M, Ning Y, Robey R, Polymeropoulos M, Torres R, Fojo T (1998) Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of random chromosomal rearrangements activating the drug resistance gene, MDR1/P-glycoprotein, in drug-selected cell lines and patients with drug refractory ALL. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 23:44-54.
  • Konopleva M, Zhao S, Hu W, Jiang S, Snell V, Weidner D, Jackson CE, Zhang X, Champlin R, Estey E, Reed JC, Andreeff M (2002) The anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-X(L) and Bcl-2 are over-expressed and contribute to chemoresistance of non-proliferating leukaemic CD34+cells. Br J Haematol 118:521-534.
  • Korbling M, Estrov Z (2003) Adult stem cells for tissue repair - a new therapeutic concept? N Engl J Med 349: 570-582.
  • Lapidot T, Sirard C, Vormoor J, Murdoch B, Hoang T, Caceres-Cortes J, Minden M, Paterson B, Caligiuri MA, Dick JE (1994) A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature 367:645-648.
  • Lassalle B, Bastos H, Louis JP, Riou L, Testart J, Dutrillaux B, Fouchet P, Allemand I (2004) 'Side Population' cells in adult mouse testis express Bcrp1 gene and are enriched in spermatogonia and germinal stem cells. Development 131:479-487.
  • Lawrence HJ, Rozenfeld S, Cruz C, Matsukuma K, Kwong A, Komuves L, Buchberg AM, Largman C (1999) Frequent co-expression of the HOXA9 and MEIS1 homeobox genes in human myeloid leukemias. Leukemia 13:1993-1999.
  • Lechner A, Leech CA, Abraham EJ, Nolan AL, Habener JF (2002) Nestin-positive progenitor cells derived from adult human pancreatic islets of Langerhans contain side population (SP) cells defined by expression of the ABCG2 (BCRP1) ATP-binding cassette transporter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 293: 670-674.
  • Lecuyer E, Hoang T (2004) SCL: from the origin of hematopoiesis to stem cells and leukemia. Exp Hematol 32:11-24.
  • Lessard J, Baban S, Sauvageau G (1998) Stage-specific expression of polycomb group genes in human bone marrow cells. Blood 91: 1216-1224.
  • Lessard J, Sauvageau G (2003) Bmi-1 determines the proliferative capacity of normal and leukaemic stem cells. Nature 423:255-260.
  • Li L, Connelly MC, Wetmore C, Curran T, Morgan JI (2003a) Mouse embryos cloned from brain tumors. Cancer Res 63:2733-2736.
  • Li TK, Houghton PJ, Desai SD, Daroui P, Liu AA, Hars ES, Ruchelman AL, LaVoie EJ, Liu LF (2003b) Characterization of ARC-111 as a novel topoisomerase I-targeting anticancer drug. Cancer Res 63:8400-8407.
  • Licht JD (2001) AML1 and the AML1-ETO fusion protein in the pathogenesis of t(8;21) AML. Oncogene 20:5660-5679.
  • List AF, Kopecky KJ, Willman CL, Head DR, Persons DL, Slovak ML, Dorr R, Karanes C, Hynes HE, Doroshow JH, Shurafa M, Appelbaum FR (2001) Benefit of cyclosporine modulation of drug resistance in patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 98: 3212-3220.
  • Majka M, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ (2005) Stem cell biology - a never ending quest for understanding. Acta Biochim Polon 52: 353-358.
  • Martin CM, Meeson AP, Robertson SM, Hawke TJ, Richardson JA, Bates S, Goetsch SC, Gallardo TD, Garry DJ (2004)
  • Persistent expression of the ATP-binding cassette transporter, Abcg2, identifies cardiac SP cells in the developing and adult heart. Dev Biol 265: 262-275.
  • Mickley LA, Spengler BA, Knutsen TA, Biedler JL, Fojo T (1997) Gene rearrangement: a novel mechanism for MDR-1 gene activation. J Clin Invest 99: 1947-1957.
  • Miyake K, Mickley L, Litman T, Zhan Z, Robey R, Cristensen B, Brangi M, Greenberger L, Dean M, Fojo T, Bates SE (1999) Molecular cloning of cDNAs which are highly overexpressed in mitoxantrone-resistant cells: demonstration of homology to ABC transport genes. Cancer Res 59:8-13.
  • Morrison SJ, Weissman IL (1994) The long-term repopulating subset of hematopoietic stem cells is deterministic and isolatable by phenotype. Immunity 1:661-673.
  • Mulloy JC, Cammenga J, MacKenzie KL, Berguido FJ, Moore MA, Nimer SD (2002) The AML1-ETO fusion protein promotes the expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 99:15-23.
  • Narita M, Lowe SW (2005) Senescence comes of age. Nat Med 11:920-922.
  • Nowak R, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Stefanska B, Machalinski B, Hlynczak AJ, Tarasiuk J (2005) The effect of new non-cross resistant antitumour agents on the energy state of human erythrocytes. Acta Biochim Polon 52: 953-957.
  • Nusslein-Volhard C, Wieschaus E (1980) Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila. Nature 287:795-801.
  • Park IK, Qian D, Kiel M, Becker MW, Pihalja M, Weissman IL, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF (2003) Bmi-1 is required for maintenance of adult self-renewing haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 423: 302-305.
  • Paterson SC, Smith KD, Holyoake TL, Jorgensen HG (2003) Is there a cloud in the silver lining for imatinib? Br J Cancer 88: 983-987.
  • Pleban K, Kaiser D, Kopp S, Peer M, Chiba P, Ecker GF (2005) Targeting drug-efflux pumps - a pharmacoinformatic approach. Acta Biochim Polon 52: 737-740.
  • Pui JC, Allman D, Xu L, DeRocco S, Karnell FG, Bakkour S, Lee JY, Kadesch T, Hardy RR, Aster JC, Pear WS (1999) Notch1 expression in early lymphopoiesis influences B versus T lineage determination. Immunity 11:299-308.
  • Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL (2001) Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414: 105-111.
  • Reya T, Duncan AW, Ailles L, Domen J, Scherer DC, Willert K, Hintz L, Nusse R, Weissman IL (2003) A role for Wnt signalling in self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 423: 409-414.
  • Sato N, Leopold PL, Crystal RG (2001) Effect of adenovirus-mediated expression of Sonic hedgehog gene on hair regrowth in mice with chemotherapy-induced alopecia. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1858-1864.
  • Sauvageau G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Eaves CJ, Lawrence HJ, Largman C, Lansdorp PM, Humphries RK (1995) Overexpression of HOXB4 in hematopoietic cells causes the selective expansion of more primitive populations in vitro and in vivo. Genes Dev 9:1753-1765.
  • Scharenberg CW, Harkey MA, Torok-Storb B (2002) The ABCG2 transporter is an efficient Hoechst 33342 efflux pump and is preferentially expressed by immature human hematopoietic progenitors. Blood 99:507-512.
  • Spangrude GJ, Heimfeld S, Weissman IL (1988) Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Science 241:58-62.
  • Spink KE, Polakis P, Weis WI (2000) Structural basis of the Axin-adenomatous polyposis coli interaction. Embo J 19:2270-2279.
  • Staal FJ, Clevers HC (2005) WNT signalling and haematopoiesis: a WNT-WNT situation. Nat Rev Immunol 5:21-30.
  • Stein MI, Zhu J, Emerson SG (2004) Molecular pathways regulating the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells. Exp Hematol 32:1129-1136.
  • Steinbach D, Legrand O (2007) ABC transporters and drug resistance in leukemia: was P-gp nothing but the first head of the Hydra? Leukemia 21:1172-1176.
  • Steinbach D, Gillet JP, Sauerbrey A, Gruhn B, Dawczynski K, Bertholet V, de Longueville F, Zintl F, Remacle J, Efferth T (2006) ABCA3 as a possible cause of drug resistance in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 12:4357-4363.
  • Styczynski J (2007) Drug resistance in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 8:59-75.
  • Styczynski J, Wysocki M (2006) Ex vivo modulation of response to prednisolone in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 133:397-399.
  • Styczynski J, Wysocki M, Debski R, Kurylak A, Balwierz W, Rokicka-Milewska R, Matysiak M, Balcerska A, Kowalczyk J, Wachowiak J, Sonta-Jakimczyk D, Chybicka A (2002) The influence of intracellular idarubicin and daunorubicin levels on drug cytotoxicity in childhood acute leukemia. Acta Biochim Polon 49:99-107.
  • Styczynski J, Wysocki M, Debski R, Czyzewski K, Kolodziej B, Rafinska B, Kubicka M, Koltan S, Koltan A, Pogorzala M, Kurylak A, Olszewska-Slonina D, Balwierz W, Juraszewska E, Wieczorek M, Olejnik I, Krawczuk-Rybak M, Kuzmicz M, Kowalczyk J, Stefaniak J, Badowska W, Sonta-Jakimczyk D, Szczepanski T, Matysiak M, Malinowska I, Stanczak E (2007) Predictive value of multidrug resistance proteins and cellular drug resistance in childhood relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 133: 875-893.
  • Summer R, Kotton DN, Sun X, Ma B, Fitzsimmons K, Fine A (2003) Side population cells and Bcrp1 expression in lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 285:L97-104.
  • Surani MA (2001) Reprogramming of genome function through epigenetic inheritance. Nature 414:122-128.
  • Taipale J, Beachy PA (2001) The Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways in cancer. Nature 411:349-354.
  • Tani T, Ylanne J, Virtanen I (1996) Expression of megakaryocytic and erythroid properties in human leukemic cells. Exp Hematol 24:158-168.
  • Terunuma A, Jackson KL, Kapoor V, Telford WG, Vogel JC (2003) Side population keratinocytes resembling bone
  • marrow side population stem cells are distinct from label-retaining keratinocyte stem cells. J Invest Dermatol 121:1095-1103.
  • Thayer SP, di Magliano MP, Heiser PW, Nielsen CM, Roberts DJ, Lauwers GY, Qi YP, Gysin S, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Yajnik V, Antoniu B, McMahon M, Warshaw AL, Hebrok M (2003) Hedgehog is an early and late mediator of pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis. Nature 425:851-856.
  • van der Lugt NM, Alkema M, Berns A, Deschamps J (1996) The Polycomb-group homolog Bmi-1 is a regulator of murine Hox gene expression. Mech Dev 58:153-164.
  • Wang Y, Schulte BA, LaRue AC, Ogawa M, Zhou D (2006) Total body irradiation selectively induces murine hematopoietic stem cell senescence. Blood 107:358-366.
  • Watkins DN, Berman DM, Burkholder SG, Wang B, Beachy PA, Baylin SB (2003) Hedgehog signalling within airway epithelial progenitors and in small-cell lung cancer. Nature 422:313-317.
  • Willert K, Brown JD, Danenberg E, Duncan AW, Weissman IL, Reya T, Yates JR 3rd, Nusse R (2003) Wnt proteins are lipid-modified and can act as stem cell growth factors. Nature 423:448-452.
  • Xu Q, Simpson SE, Scialla TJ, Bagg A, Carroll M (2003) Survival of acute myeloid leukemia cells requires PI3 kinase activation. Blood 102:972-980.
  • Yan P, Benhattar J, Seelentag W, Stehle JC, Bosman FT (2004) Immunohistochemical localization of hTERT protein in human tissues. Histochem Cell Biol 121:391-397.
  • Zhou S, Schuetz JD, Bunting KD, Colapietro AM, Sampath J, Morris JJ, Lagutina I, Grosveld GC, Osawa M, Nakauchi H, Sorrentino BP (2001) The ABC transporter Bcrp1/ABCG2 is expressed in a wide variety of stem cells and is a molecular determinant of the side-population phenotype. Nat Med 7:1028-1034.
  • Zhu J, Emerson SG (2002) Hematopoietic cytokines, transcription factors and lineage commitment. Oncogene 21:3295-3313.
  • Zhu J, Giannola DM, Zhang Y, Rivera AJ, Emerson SG (2003) NF-Y cooperates with USF1/2 to induce the hematopoietic expression of HOXB4. Blood 102: 2420-2427.

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikatory

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.agro-article-1209b959-f809-4e0a-8349-b91e7ce429b6
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.