Birds breeding in a changing farmland

• Autorzy: Schifferli L
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

As a result of intensified agriculture, farmland in Europe is the habitat where the most pronounced changes have occurred in recent decades. In parallel, breeding populations of birds have been declining over much of Europe. Today, farmland has the largest proportion of Red-List species. This paper reviews studies on the impact of agriculture on birds breeding in the farmland ecosystems of Europe: breeding bird density in relation to farming practice, effects of agriculture on foraging and feeding ecology while rearing young, and consequences for breeding success. Specialised bird species are most affected by farming practice. They are rare or even absent in intensively managed farmland with a much reduced habitat and structural diversity. As crops grow fast and as their vegetation is very dense, large fields become inaccessible to or unprofitable for ground feeding birds. To exploit alternative food resources, parents feeding nestlings have to cover larger distances to isolated and distant food patches. Reduced food availability in modern farmland and increased time and energy costs of foraging may result in lower body conditions of parent birds and their broods, in a reduced breeding success and lower survival. Some species breeding in intensively farmed areas are at least locally unable to produce sufficient recruits to maintain their numbers in the long term. Our knowledge of the breeding ecology and population dynamics of farmland birds is growing, but it is still based mainly on short-term and small-scale case studies on a few species. Little is known about whether measures to improve habitat quality (e.g. set-asides) are adequate to halt negative trends in bird populations. Hence there is a need for internationally coordinated scientific work with important implications for conservation.

PL

Od stuleci krajobraz rolniczy był mozaiką pól, nieużytków, zarośli, zadrzewień, mokradeł i cieków melioracyjnych. Zapewniało to bogactwo środowisk i różnorodność gatunkową. W ciągu ostatnich 50 lat intensyfikacja produkcji rolnej, którą umożliwił postęp technologiczny (Tab. 1), drastycznie zmniejszyła tę różnorodność. Spowodowało to wielkie zmiany w awifaunie lęgowej Europy (Tucker & Heath 1994, Hagemijer & Blair 1997). Praca jest przeglądem badań nad różnorodnymi skutkami tych zmian dla awifauny lęgowej krajobrazu rolniczego: nad wpływem działalności rolniczej na zagęszczenie awifauny lęgowej, możliwości wyżywienia, wyniki lęgów i dynamikę populacji lęgowych. Omawia też potrzeby dalszych badań. Na terenach rolnictwa ekstensywnego stwierdzono wyższą liczebność i różnorodność gatunkową awifauny (Fuller 1997, Schifferli et al. 1999, Fig. 1). Korzystne jest tu szczególnie rozrzedzenie i mała wysokość roślin uprawnych na początku okresu lęgowego, oraz ugorowanie i nieużytki. Jedną z przyczyn ubożenia awifauny na terenach intensywnego rolnictwa jest zmniejszona różnorodność i mała obfitość bazy pokarmowej (Pain & Pieńkowski 1997). Szybki wzrost, gęstość i mała różnorodność intensywnych upraw polnych i łąkowych utrudniają ptakom żerowanie i przemieszczanie się. Wróblowe żerujące na ziemi preferują rzadką roślinność o zróżnicowanej wysokości (Fig. 4, 5, 6, 7). Intensywne uprawy są mało dostępne lub zmuszają do męczącego polowania z powietrza. Intensywne, szybko rosnące uprawy zmniejszają wydajność pokarmową terytorium lęgowego, od czego zależy pomyślność lęgów — przeżycie i kondycja potomstwa (Richner 1989, Wilson et al. 1997). Wielkość terytorium u większych gatunków na ogół wzrasta proporcjonalnie (Fig. 2). Energochłonność przynoszenia pokarmu pisklętom jest istotnym czynnikiem strategii lęgowej — intensywne uprawy stwarzają pod tym względem gorsze warunki (Fig. 3, Cuthill & Huston 1997, Wright et al. 1998). Szybko rosnące monokultury często nie zapewniają możliwości wyżywienia w ciągu całego okresu trwania lęgu (Chamberlain et al. 1999), często także zmuszają do przenoszenia drugiego lęgu do innego terytorium (Schläpfer 1988). Istotne jest czy w pogorszonych warunkach lęgowych na terenach intensywnego rolnictwa ptasie populacje mogą reprodukować swój stan czy też mają tam bilans ujemny, uzupełniany imigracją. U czajki w zachodniej i środkowej Europie bilans ten jest ujemny (Peach et al. 1994, Tab. 2, Fig. 8) i jej stan w zmniejsza się (van Strien & Pannekoek 1998). Sukces lęgowy kulika wielkiego (Grant et al. 1999), rycyka (Struwe-Juhl 1995), trznadla (Kyrkos et al. 1998), pokląskwy (Bastian & Bastian 1996) i skowronka (Wilson et al. 1997) wskazuje, że co najmniej w niektórych regionach nie może on zapewnić długookresowej stabilności populacji. Brytyjska populacja skowronka zmniejsza się w ciągu ostatnich dziesięcioleci, mimo wzrostu sukcesu lęgowego (Chamberlain & Crick 1999). Może to być spowodowane zmniejszonymi możliwościami założenia gniazda w warunkach intensywnego rolnictwa (Chamberlain et al. 1999). Dla wyjaśnienia tych problemów potrzebna jest europejska sieć monitoringu ptasich populacji lęgowych (Gibbons 1998). Potrzebne są też badania nad rolą dla ptaków ugorowania, stosowanego w rozwiniętych krajach europejskich. Ważne są również długookresowe międzynarodowe badania demograficzne jak np. program EURING dotyczący dymówki (Jenni 1998) i inne programy oparte na znakowaniu ptaków (Peach et al. 1998). Gwałtowne przemiany w rolnictwie są wyzwaniem i okazją dla różnorodnych badań powiązanych z ochroną przyrody.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

farmland; habitat; agriculture; crop diversity; farming practice; foraging range; bird; breeding success; conservation; changing; breeding; Europe; vegetation structure

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Ornithologica
• Rocznik: 2001
• Tom: 36
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.35-51,fig.

Twórcy

autor

Schifferli L

• Swiss Ornithological Institute, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland

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