Platinum group elements: a challenge for environmental analytics

• Autorzy: Dubiella-Jackowska A , Polkowska Z. , Namiesnik J.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

An increased worldwide usage of platinum group elements (PGE) has been observed during recent decades. High amounts of PGE are applied in such areas as chemical industry and jewellery production, but the increased demand for these metals primarily depends on the introduction of automobile catalytic converter systems. Catalytic converters have also been considered to be a major source of PGE pollution. The similar Pt:Rh ratio, which is used in these autocatalysts, was found in various environmental samples as well. The present literature review indicates that the concentration of these metals has increased considerably in the last twenty years in different environmental matrices, resulting in ecological and human health risks. Because of the importance of PGE and their trace levels in environmental and biological matrices, sensitive methods are required for reliable determination. Details of the particular steps of analytical procedures for PGE quantification in environmental samples such as road dust, airborne particulate matter, soil, benthic sediments, water, wastewater and biological samples are discussed. Sampling and sample storage and preservation techniques are presented. Moreover, the most frequently used extraction, enrichment, detection and determination procedures for PGE are described.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

platinum group element; platinum; palladium; rhodium; ruthenium; iridium; osmium; environmental sample; soil; road dust; water; sediment; biota; determination method; urban environment; analysis

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
• Rocznik: 2007
• Tom: 16
• Numer: 3
• Opis fizyczny: p.329-345,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Dubiella-Jackowska A

• Gdansk University of Technology, G.Narutowicza St.11/12, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland

autor

Polkowska Z.

autor

Namiesnik J.

Bibliografia

• 1. RAVINDRA K., BENCS L., VAN GRIEKEN R. Platinum group elements in the environment and their health risk. Sci. Total Environ. 318, 1, 2004.
• 2. Platinum 2006 Interim Review, Johnson M., http://www. platinum.matthey.com/publications/1132062873.html
• 3. BAREFOOT R.R. Distribution and speciation of platinum group elements in environmental matrices. Trends Anal. Chem. 18 (11), 702, 1999.
• 4. ARTELT S., KOCK H., KÖNIG H.P., LEVSEN K., ROSNER G. Engine dynamometer experiments: platinum emissions from differently aged three-way catalytic converters. Atmos. Environ., 33, 3559, 1999.
• 5. KÜMMERER K. Drugs in the environment: emission of drugs, diagnostic aids and disinfectants into wastewater by hospital in relation to other sources- a review. Chemosphere 45, 957, 2001.
• 6. RYCZKOWSKI J. Automotive catalytic converter (in Polish). Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania. 4, 13, 2003.
• 7. FRITSCHE J., MEISEL T. Determination of anthropogenic input of Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Os, Ir and Pt in soils along Austrian motorways by isotope dilution IC P-MS . Sci. Total Environ. 325, 145, 2004.
• 8. MORCELLI C.P.R., FIGUEIREDO A.M.G., SARKIS J.E.S., ENZWEILER J., KAKAZU M., SIGOLO J.B. PGE s and other traffic-related elements in roadside soils from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sci. Total Environ. 345, 81, 2005.
• 9. LESNIEWSKA B. A., GODLEWSKA-ZYLKIEWICZ B., BOCCA B., CAIMI S., CAROLI S., HULANICKI A. Platinum, palladium and rhodium content in road dust, tunnel dust and common grass in Bialystok area (Poland): a pilot study. Sci. Total Environ. 321, 93, 2004.
• 10. WARD N. I., DUDDING L. M. Platinum emissions and levels in motorway dust samples: influence of traffic characteristics. Sci. Total Environ. 334–335, 457, 2004.
• 11. KAN S.F., TANNER P.A., Platinum concentrations in ambient aerosol at a coastal site in South China. Atmos. Environ. 39, 2625, 2005.
• 12. BOCCA B., PETRUCCI F., ALIMONTI A., CAROLI S. Traffic-related platinum and rhodium concentrations in the atmosphere of Rome. J. Environ. Monit. 5, 563, 2003.
• 13. MOLDOVAN M., GOMEZ M. M., PALACIOS M. A. Determination of platinum, rhodium and palladium in car exhaust fumes. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 14, 1163, 1999.
• 14. Nuclear Analytical Methods for Platinum Group Elements (Hann, S., Helmers, E., Köllensperger, G., Hoppstock, K., Parry, S., Rauch, S., Rossbach, M, editors); IAEA-TEC - DOC -1443: Wien, 2005.
• 15. JARVIS K. E., PARRY S.J., PIPER J. M. Temporal and spatial studies of autocatalyst-derived platinum, rhodium and palladium and selected vehicle-derived trace elements in the environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 1031, 2001.
• 16. WHITELEY J.D., MURRAY F. Anthropogenic platinum group element (Pt, Pd and Rh) concentrations in road dusts and roadside soils from Perth, Western Australia. Sci. Total Environ. 317, 121, 2003.
• 17. GOMEZ B., GOMEZ M., SANCHEZ J. L., FERNANDEZ R., PALACIOS M. A. Platinum and rhodium distribution in airborne particulate matter and road dust. Sci. Total. Environ. 269, 131, 2001.
• 18. ZEREINI, F., WISEMAN, C., ALT, F., MESSERCHMIDT, J., MÜLLER , J., URBAN, H., Platinum and Rhodium concentrations in airborne particulate matter in Germany from 1988–1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 1996, 2001.
• 19. GOMEZ B., PALACIOS M.A., GOMEZ M., SANCHEZ J.L., MORRISON G., RAUCH S., MCLEOD C., MA R., CAROLI S., ALIMONTI A., PETRUCCI F., BOCCA B., SCHRAMEL P., ZISCHKA M., PETTERSON C., WASS U. Levels and risk assessment for humans and ecosystems of platinumgroup elements in the airborne particles and road dust of some European cities. Sci. Total Environ. 299, 1, 2002.
• 20. BAREFOOT R. R., VAN LOON J.C. Recent advances in the determination of the platinum group elements and gold Talanta 49, 1, 1999.
• 21. PALACIOS M. A., GOMEZ M., MOLDOVAN M., GOMEZ B. Assessment of environmental contamination risk by Pt, Rh and Pd from automobile catalyst. Microchem. J. 67, 105, 2000.
• 22. SCHIERL R., FRUHMANN G. Airborne platinum concentrations in Munich city buses. Sci. Total Environ. 182, 21, 1996.
• 23. ECKHARDT J.-D., SCHÄFER J, PUCHELT H., STÜBEN D., Anthropogenic Platinum Group Element Emissions, (Zereini F., Alt F., editors); Springer Verlag: Berlin, 47, 1999.
• 24. HEES T, WENCLAWIAK B, LUSTIG S, SCHRAMEL P, SCHWARZER M, SCHUSTER M, VERSTRAETE D, DAMS R, HELMERS E. Distribution of platinum group elements (Pt, Pd, Rh) in environmental and clinical matrices. Envrion. Sci. Pollut. Res. 5, 105, 1998.
• 25. SCHÄFER J., PUCHELT H. Platinum-group-metals (PGM ) emitted from automobile catalytic converters and their distribution in roadside soils. J. Geochem. Explor. 64, 307, 1998.
• 26. CICCHELLA D., DE VIVO B., LIMA A. Palladium and platinum concentration in soils from the Napoli metropolitan area, Italy: possible effects of catalytic exhausts. Sci. Total Environ. 308, 121, 2003.
• 27. KYLANDER M. E., RAUCH S., MORRISON G. M., ANDAM K. Impact of automobile emissions on the levels of platinum and lead in Accra, Ghana. J. Environ. Monit. 5, 91, 2003.
• 28. MOLDOVAN M., PALACIOS M.A., GOMEZ M.M., MORRISO N G., RAUCH S., MCLEOD C., MA R., CAROLI S., ALIMONTI A., PETRUCCI F., BOCCA B., SCHRAMEL P., ZISCHKA M., PETTERSSON C., WASS U., LUNA M., SAENZ J.C., SANTAMARIA J. Environmental risk of particulate and soluble platinum group elements released from gasoline and diesel engine catalytic converters. Sci. Total Environ. 296, 199, 2002.
• 29. MALTBY L., FORROW D.M., BOXALL A.B.A., CALOW P., BE TTON C.I., The effects of motorway runoff on freshwater ecosystems, 1. Field study. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14, 1079, 1995.
• 30. HAUS N., ZIMMERMANN S., WIEGAND J., SURES B., Occurrence of platinum and additional traffic related heavy metals in sediments and biota. Chemosphere 66, 619, 2007.
• 31. NAMIEŚNIK J., ŁUKASIK J., JAMRÓGIEWICZ Z., Collection of environmental samples for analysis (in Polish). WN PWN: Warszawa, 1995.
• 32. McCONNELL J.W. Lake-sediment and soil surveysfor platinum group metals in central Labrador and the Voisey’s Bay area, Current Research; Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Report 03-1: pp 179- 192, 2003 .
• 33. OJEDA C. B., ROJAS F. S., PAVÓN J. M. C., DE TORRES A. G., Automated on-line separation–preconcentration system for platinum determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 494, 97, 2003.
• 34. KÜMMERER K., HELMERS E. Hospital effluents as a source for platinum in the environment, Sci. Total Environ. 193, 179, 1997.
• 35. IAVICOLI I., BOCC A B., PETRUCCI F., SENOFONTE O., CARELLI G., ALIMONTI A., CAROLI S. Biomonitoring of traffic police officers exposed to airborne platinum. Occup. Environ. Med. 61, 636, 2004.
• 36. LANJWANI S.N., ZHUA R., KHUHAWAR M. Y., DING Z. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of platinum in blood and urine samples of cancer patients after administration of cisplatin drug using solvent extraction and N,N’-bis(salicylidene)-1.2-propanediamine as complexation reagent. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed Analysis 40, 833, 2006.
• 37. SURES B., ZIMMERMANN S., MESSERSCHMIDT J., VON BOHLEN A., ALT F. First report on the uptake of automobile catalyst emitted palladium by European eels (Anguilla anguilla) following experimental exposure to road dust. Environ Pollut. 113, 341, 2001.
• 38. GODLEWSKA-ŻYŁKIEWICZ B. Hazards of errors in the palladium storage in determination by GFAAS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 372, 593, 2002.
• 39. B ALCERZAK M. Analytical methods for the determination of Platinum of biological and environmental materials Analyst 122, 67R, 1997.
• 40. HELMERS E., MERGEL R., FRESNIUS J. Platinum and rhodium in polluted environment: studying the emissions of automobile catalysts: studying the emissions of automobile catalyst with emphasis on the application of CVS rhodium analysis. ANAL. CHEM . 362, 522, 1998.
• 41. GOMEZ B., PALACIOS M.A., GOMEZ M., SANCHEZ J.L., MORRISON G., RAUCH S., MCLEOD C., MA R., CAROLI S., ALIMONTI A., PETRUCCI F., BOCCA B., SCHRAMEL P., ZISCHKA M., PETTERSON C., WASS U. Levels and risk assessment for humans and ecosystems of platinumgroup elements in the airborne particles and road dust of some European cities. Sci. Total Environ. 299, 1, 2002.
• 42. SCHIERL R. Environmental monitoring of platinum in air and urine. Microchem. J. 67, 245, 2000.
• 43. HIGNEY E., OLIVE V., MACKENZIE A.B., PULFORD I.D. Isotope dilution IC P–MS analysis of platinum in road dusts from west central Scotland. Appl. Geochem. 17, 1123, 2002.
• 44. WHITELEY J.D., MURRAY F. Autocatalyst-derived platinum, palladium and rhodium (PGE ) in infiltration basin and wetland sediments receiving urban runoff. Sci. Total Environ. 341, 199, 2005.
• 45. SCHÄFER J., PUCHELT H. Platinum Group Metals (PGM ) emitted from automobile catalytic converters and their distribution in roadside soils. J. Geochem. Explor. 64, 307, 1998.
• 46. CINTI D., ANGELONE M., MASI U., CREMISINI C. Platinum levels in natural and urban soils from Rome and Latium (Italy): significance for pollution by automobile catalytic converter. Sci. Total Environ. 293, 47, 2002.
• 47. MORTON O., PUCHELT H., HERNANDEZ E., LOUNEJEVA E. Traffic-related platinum group elements (PGE ) in soils from Mexico City. J. Geochem. Explor. 72, 223, 2001.
• 48. LASCHKA D., NACHTWEY M. Platinum in municipal sewage treatment plants. Chemosphere 34 (8), 1803, 1997.
• 49. KÜMMERER K., HELMERS E., HUBNER P., MASCART G., MILANDRI M, REINTHALER F., ZWAKENBERG M., European hospitals as a source for platinum in the environment in comparison with other sources. Sci. Total Environ. 225, 155, 1999.
• 50. OJEDA C. B., SÁNCHEZ ROJAS F., CANO PAVÓN J.M., GARCIA DE TORRES A. Automated on-line separation–preconcentration system for platinum determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 494, 97, 2003.
• 51. GREGUREK D., MELCHER F., NISKAVAARA H., PAVLOV V. A., REIMANN C., STUMPFL E. F. Platinum-group elements (Rh, Pt, Pd) and Au distribution in snow samples from the Kola Peninsula, NW Russia. Atmos. Environ. 33, 3281, 1999.
• 52. GODLEWSKA-ŻYŁKIEWICZ B. Preconcentration and Separation Procedures for the spectrochemical determination of platinum and palladium. Microchim. Acta 147, 189, 2004.
• 53. TERASHIM A S. Determination of platinum and palladium in sixty-eight geochemical reference samples by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Geostand. Newsl. 15, 125, 1991.
• 54. TÖLG G. Problems and trends in extreme trace analysis for the elements. Anal. Chim. Acta 283, 3, 1993.
• 55. SHUKLA J. P., SINGH R. K., SAWANT S. R., VARADARAJAN N. Liquid-liquid extraction of palladium (II ) from nitric acid by bis-2-ethylheksyl sulphoxide, Anal. Chim. Acta 276, 181, 1993.
• 56. HOSSAIN K.Z., HONJO T. Separation of Trace Amounts of Rhodium (III ) with Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate from Nitric Acid and Sodium Trichloroacetate Media. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 368, 480, 2000.
• 57. BANDEKAR S. V., DHADKE P. M. Solvent extraction separation of platinum (IV ) and palladium (II ) by 2-ethylheksyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylheksyl ester (PC-88A). Sep. Purif. Technol. 13, 129, 1998.
• 58. QU Y. B. Recent developments in the determination of precious metals. A review. Analyst 121, 139, 1996.
• 59. BERNARDIS F. L., GRANT R. A., SHERRINGTON D. C. A review of methods of separation of the platinum-group metals through their chloro-complexes. React. Funct. Polym. 65, 205, 2005.
• 60. ELY , J.C., NEAL, C.R., O’NEILL JR., J.A., JAIN, J.C. Quantifying the platinum group elements (PGE s) and gold in geological samples using cation exchange pretreatment and ultrasonic nebulization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (US NIC P- MS ). Chem. Geol. 157, 219, 1999.
• 61. JARVIS I., TOTLAND M. M., JARVIS K. E. Assessment of Dowex 1-X8-based anion-exchange procedures for the separation and determination of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium, platinum and gold in geological materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analyst 122, 19, 1997.
• 62. PERRY , B.J., SPELLER , D.V., BAREFOOT, R.R. AND VAN LOON, J.C. A large sample, dry chlorination, IC P-MS analytical method for the determination of platinum group elements and gold in rocks. Can. J. Appl. Spectrosc. 38, 131, 1993.
• 63. KOVACHEVA P., DJINGOVA R. Ion-exchange method for separation and concentration of platinum and palladium for analysis of environmental samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 464, 7, 2002.
• 64. PEARSON D. G., WOODLAND S. J. Solvent extraction/anion exchange separation and determination of PGE s (Os,Ir, Pt, Pd, Ru) and Re-Os isotopes in geological samples by isotope dilution IC P-MS . Chem. Geol. 165, 87, 2000.
• 65. REHKÄMPER M., HALLIDAY A. N. Development and application of new ion-exchange techniques for the separation of the platinum-group and other siderophile elements from geological samples. Talanta 44, 663, 1997.
• 66. DJINGOVA R., KOVACHEVA P., WAGNER G., MARKERT B. Distribution of platinum group elements and other traffic related elements among different plants along some highways in Germany. Sci. Total Environ. 308, 235, 2003.
• 67. ENZWEILER J., POTTS P. J., JARVIS K. E. Determination of Platinum, Palladium, Ruthenium and Iridium in Geological Samples By Isotopic Dilution IC P-Ms using a Sodium Peroxide fusion and Tellurium Coprecipitation. Analyst 120, 1391, 1995.
• 68. MESSERSCHMIDT J., VON BOHLEN A., ALT F., KLOCKENKÄMPER R. Separation and enrichment of palladium and gold in biological and environmental samples, adapted to the determination by total reflection X-ray fluorescence. Analyst 125, 397, 2000.
• 69. FUJIMORI E., MINAMOTO K., HARAGUCHI H. Comparative study on the distributions of precious metals (Ru,Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, and Au in industrial waste incineration ashes as determined by tellurium coprecipitation and IC P-MS. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 78, 1963, 2005.
• 70. BULSKA E. Analytical advantages of using electrochemistry for atomic spectrometry. Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 1, 2001.
• 71. BEINROHR E., LEE M. L., TSCHÖPEL P., TÖLG G. Determination of platinum in biotic and environmental samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after its electrodeposition into a graphite tube packed with reticulated vitreous carbon. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 346, 689, 1993.
• 72. EL-SHAHAWI M. S., FARAG A. B. Iodometric determinationof gold and platinum by 168- and 126- fold chemical amplification reactions. Analytica Chimica Acta 307, 139, 1995.
• 73. DEMKIN A. M. Gravimetric preparation of synthetic mixtures of platinum isotopes. Internat. J. Mass Spectrom. 202, 9, 2000.
• 74. EZERSKAYA N. A., TOROPCHENOVA E. S., KAPRIELOV V. B., KISELEVA I. N., BELOV S. F. J. Anal. Chem. 59, 1097, 2004.
• 75. BALCERZAK M., KACZMARCZYK M. Rapid derivative spectrophotometric method for the determination of platinum I Pt-Ru/C cayalyst using iodide media. Anal. Sci. 17, 1321, 2001.
• 76. GEORGIEVA M., ANDONOVSKI B. Determination of platinum (IV ) by UV spectrophotometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 375, 836, 2003.
• 77. WU Y., JIANG Z., HU B., DUAN J. Electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry determination of gold, palladium, and platinum using chelating resin YPA4 as both extractant and chemical modifier. Talanta 63, 585, 2004.
• 78. LIN S., ZHENG CH . YUN G. Determination of palladium by flame atomic absorption spectrometry combined on-line with flow injection preconcentration using a micro-column packed with activated carbon fibre. Talanta 42, 921, 1995.
• 79. BENCS L., RAVINDRA K., VAN GRIEKEN R. Methods for the determination of platinum group elements originating from the abrasion of automotive catalytic converters. Spectrochim. Acta B 58, 1723, 2003.
• 80. GODLEWSKA-ŻYŁKIEWICZ B., ZALESKA M. Preconcentration of palladium in a flow-through electrochemical cell for determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 462, 305, 2002.
• 81. GODLEWSKA-ŻYŁKIEWICZ B. Biosorption of platinum and palladium for their separation preconcentration prior to graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric determination. Spectrochim. Acta B 58 1531, 2003.
• 82. GODLEWSKA-ŻYŁKIEWICZ B., KOZŁOWSKA M. Solid phase extraction using immobilized yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for determination of palladium in road dust. Anal. Chim. Acta 539, 61, 2005.
• 83. LEŚNIEWSKA B. A., GODLEWSKA I., GODLEWSKA- ŻYŁKIEWICZ B. The study of applicability of dithiocarbamate-coated fullerene C60 for preconcentration of palladium for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric determination in environmental samples. Spectrochim. Acta B 60, 377, 2005.
• 84. ZEREINI F., SKERSTUPP B., ALT F., HELMERS E., URBAN H. Geochemical behavior of platinum-group elements (PGE ) in particulate emissions by automobile exhaust catalysts: experimental results and environmental investigations. Sci. Total Environ. 206, 137, 1997.
• 85. SEIFERT JR. W. E., STEWART D. J., BENJAMIN R. S., CAPRIOLI R. M. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence determination of platinum in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid of patients administered cis-dichlorodiammineplatinu m(II ). Cancer Chemoth. Pharm. 11, 120, 1983.
• 86. EDDY B. T., BALAES A. M. E., HASTY R. A., FARRER H. N. The determination by X-ray-fluorescence spectroscopy, of platinum-group elements, iron, and chromium in special corrosion-resistant steels. Appl. Spectrosc., 41, 1442, 1987.
• 87. LENZ K., HANN S., KOELLENSPERGER G., STEFANKA Z., STINGEDER G., WEISSENBACHER N., MAHNIK S.N., FUERHACKER M. Presence of cancerostatic platinum compounds in hospital wastewater and possible elimination by adsorption to activated sludge. Sci. Total Environ. 345, 141, 2005.
• 88. LEE C.-T. A., WASSERBURG G. J., KYTE F. T. Platinumgroup elements (PGE ) and rhenium in marine sediments across the Cretaceous– Tertiary boundary: Constraints on Re-PGE transport in the marine environment. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67, 655, 2003.
• 89. BARBANTE C. VEYSSEYRE A., FERRARI CH ., VAN DE VELDE K., MOREL CH ., CAPODAGLIO G., CESCON P., SCARPONI G., BOUTRON C. Greenland Snow Evidence of Large Scale Atmospheric Contamination for Platinum, Palladium, and, Rhodium. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 835, 2001.
• 90. ARTELT S., KOCK H., NACHTIGALL D., HEINRICH U. Bioavailability of platinum emitted from automobile exhaust. Toxicology Letters 96, 97, 163, 1998.
• 91. SURES B., ZIMMERMANN S., SONNTAG C., STÜBEN D., TARASCHEWSKI H. The acanthocephalan Paratenuisentis ambiguus as a sensitive indicator of the precious metals Pt and Rh from automobile catalytic converters. Environ. Pollut. 122, 401, 2003.
• 92. ZIMMERMANN S., MENZEL CH . M., BERNER Z., ECKHARDT J.-D., STÜBEN D., ALT F., MESSERSCHMIDT J., TARASCHEWSKI H., SURES B. Trace analysis of platinum in biological samples: a comparison between sector field IC P-MS and adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry following different digestion procedures. Anal. Chim. Acta 439, 203, 2001.
• 93. MORRISON J. G., WHITE P., MCDOUGALL S., FIRTH J.W., WOOLFREY S. G., GRAHAM M. A., GREENSLADE D. Validation of a highly sensitive IC P-MS method for the determination of platinum in biofluids: application to clinical pharmacokinetic studies with oxaliplatin, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 24, 1, 2000.
• 94. MÜLLER M., HEUMANN K. G. Isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry in connection with a chromatographic separation for ultra trace determinations of platinum group elements (Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir) in environmental samples. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 368, 109, 2000.
• 95. BECKER J. S., BELLIS D., STATON I., MCLEOD C. W., DOMBOVARI J., BECKER J. S. Determination of trace elements including platinum in tree bark by IC P mass spectrometry. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 368, 490, 2000.
• 96. WARD N. I., DUDDING L. M. Platinum emissions and levels in motorway dust samples: influence of traffic characteristics. Sci. Total Environ. 334/335, 457, 2004.
• 97 LEŚNIEWSKA B. A., GODLEWSKA- ŻYŁKIEWICZ B., RUSZCZYŃSKA A., BULSKA E., HULANICKI A. Elimination of interferences in determination of platinum and palladium in environmental samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 564, 236, 2006.
• 98 ALFASSI Z.B., PROBST T.U., RIETZ B. Platinum determination by instrumental neutron activation analysis with special reference to the spectral interference of Sc-47 on the platinum indicator nuclide Au-199. Anal. Chim. Acta 360, 243, 1998.
• 99 XIAOLIN L., CHUNHAN T., JIEQING Z., JIAOHUA Z. Interference by neutron induced second order nuclear reaction in activation analysis of platinum group elements after a nickel sulphide fire assay preconcentration. J. Radioanal. Nuclear Chemistry 198, 385, 1995.
• 100. PROBST T. U., RIETZ B., ALFASSI Z. B. Platinum concentrations in Danish air samples determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J. Environ. Monit. 3, 217, 2001.
• 101. NYGREN O., VAUGHAN G. T., FLORENCE T. M., MORRISO N G. M. P., WARNER I. M., DALE L. S. Determination of platinum in blood by adsorptive voltammetry. Anal. Chem. 62, 1637, 1990.
• 102. ALT F., MESSERSCHMIDT J. WEBER G. Investigation of low molecular weight platinum species in grass. Anal. Chim. Acta 359, 65, 1998.
• 103. RAUCH S., MORRISON G. M. Platinum uptake by the freshwater isopod Asellus Aquaticus in urban rivers. Sci.Total Environ. 235, 261, 1999.
• 104. ALT F., ESCHNAUER H.R., MERGLER B., MESSERSCHMIDT J., TÖLG G. A contribution to the ecology and encology of platinum. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 357, 1013, 1997.
• 105. NYGREN O., LUNDGREN C., Determination of platinum in workroom air and in blood and urine from nursing staff attending patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 70, 209, 1997