Anatomical variations of testicular artery: a review

• Autorzy: Kayalvizhi I. , Narayan R.K. , Kumar P.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The testicular arteries (TAs) also known as internal spermatic arteries are long and slender arteries usually arising from the anterolateral aspect of the abdominal aorta, 2.5 cm to 5 cm caudal to the renal arteries. The variation in TAs may be found with respect to their origin, number or course. They can originate from the abdominal aorta itself at an abnormal level. If not arising from abdominal aorta the TA variants may arise from renal artery, suprarenal artery or any one of the lumbar arteries. Rarely it can arise from common or internal iliac artery, or from the superior epigastric artery. The most common variation with respect to origin of TA was found in association with renal vessels. In regard to their number, double TA was found to be most common and with respect to course most common variation was arched TA over ipsilateral renal vein. The arched TA at times on right side had a retrocaval course. Occurrence of TA variants is explained with embryology and the knowledge of its clinical significance is essential for future surgeons for designing vascular surgeries. Four studies had attempted to classify TA variants regarding their origin, number and course but they could not accommodate recently found TA variants. This led to our new proposed classification. (Folia Morphol 2017; 76, 4: 541–550)

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Folia Morphologica
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: 76
• Numer: 4
• Opis fizyczny: p.541-550,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Kayalvizhi I.

• Department of Anatomy, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Pgims, Rohtak, Haryana, India

autor

Narayan R.K.

• Department of Anatomy, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Pgims, Rohtak, Haryana, India

autor

Kumar P.

• Department of Anatomy, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Pgims, Rohtak, Haryana, India

Bibliografia

• 1. Acar HI, Yazar F, Ozan H. Unusual origin and course of the testicular arteries. Surg Radiol Anat. 2007; 29(7): 601–603, doi: 10.1007/s00276-007-0232-2, indexed in Pubmed: 17618401.
• 2. Adachi B. Das Arterien system der Japaner. Band II, Kyoto 1928: 88–89.
• 3. Anson BJ, Kurth LE. Common variations in the renal blood supply. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1955; 100(2): 157–162, indexed in Pubmed: 13238169.
• 4. Anson BJ, Cauldwell EW, Pick JW, et al. The blood supply of the kidney, suprarenal gland, and associated structures. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1947; 84(3): 313–333, indexed in Pubmed: 20284768.
• 5. Asala S, Chaudhary SC, Masumbuko-Kahamba N, et al. Anatomical variations in the human testicular blood vessels. Ann Anat. 2001; 183(6): 545–549, doi: 10.1016/S0940-9602(01)80064-9, indexed in Pubmed: 11766526.
• 6. Bandopadhyay M, Saha A. Three Rare Variations in the Course of the Gonadal Artery. Int J Morphol. 2009; 27(3): 655–658, doi: 10.4067/s0717-95022009000300006.
• 7. Bergman RA, Cassell MD, Sahinoglu K, et al. Human doubled renal and testicular arteries. Ann Anat. 1992; 174(4): 313–315, indexed in Pubmed:1416060.
• 8. Bergman RA, Thompson SA, Afifi AK, Saadeh FA. Compendium of human anatomic variations. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, Munich 1988: 83–92.
• 9. Bergman RA, Thomson SA, Afifi AK. Catalog of human variation. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Baltimore 1984: 119.
• 10. Bhaskar PV, Bhasin V, Kumar S. Abnormal branch of the testicular artery. Clin Anat. 2006; 19(6): 569–570, doi: 10.1002/ca.20215, indexed in Pubmed: 16283661.
• 11. Bordei P, Şapte E, Iliescu D. The morphology and the surgical importance of the gonadal arteries originating from the renal artery. Surg Radiol Anat. 2007; 29(5): 367–371, doi: 10.1007/s00276-007-0224-2.
• 12. Brohi RA, Sargon MF, Yener N. High origin and unusual suprarenal branch of a testicular artery. Surg Radiol Anat. 2001; 23(3): 207–208, indexed in Pubmed: 11490935.
• 13. Cauldwell E, Anson B. The visceral branches of the abdominal aorta: Topographical relationships. Am J Anat. 2005; 73(1): 27–57, doi: 10.1002/aja.1000730103.
• 14. Ciçekcibaşi AE, Salbacak A, Seker M, et al. The origin of gonadal arteries in human fetuses: anatomical variations. Ann Anat. 2002; 184(3): 275–279, doi: 10.1016/S0940-9602(02)80126-1, indexed in Pubmed: 12056759.
• 15. Deepthinath R, Satheesha Nayak B, Mehta RB, et al. Multiple variations in the paired arteries of the abdominal aorta. Clin Anat. 2006; 19(6): 566–568, doi: 10.1002/ca.20207, indexed in Pubmed: 16283657.
• 16. Felix W. Manual of human embryology. Keibel F, Mall FP (eds). Lippincott, Philadelphia 1912: 820–825.
• 17. Filipovic B, Stijak L, Filipovic B. An unusual origin of the double left testicular artery in a male cadaver: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2012; 6: 267, doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-6-267, indexed in Pubmed: 22938096.
• 18. Grine FE, Kramer B. Arched gonadal arteries in the South African negro. J Anat. 1981; 132(Pt 3): 387–390, indexed in Pubmed: 7298490.
• 19. Gupta A, Singal R, Singh D. Variations of Gonadal Artery: Embryological basis and clinical significance. Int J Biol Med Res. 2011; 2(4): 1006–1010.
• 20. Gurses IA, Kale A, Gayretli O, et al. Bilateral variations of renal and testicular arteries. Int J Anatom Variations. 2009; 2: 45–47.
• 21. Harrison RG, McGregor GA. Anomalous origin and branching of the testicular arteries. Anat Rec. 1957; 129(4): 401–405, indexed in Pubmed: 13533887.
• 22. He B, Hamdorf JM. Clinical importance of anatomical variations of renal vasculature during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. OA Anatom. 2013; 1(3), doi: 10.13172/2052-7829-1-3-865.
• 23. Hollinshead WH. Anatomy for surgeons. Harper & Row, New York 1971: 579–580.
• 24. Huban TR, Prasanna LC, Kumar V, et al. Rare variation in the origin of left testicular artery from left external iliac artery: a case report. NUJHS. 2015; 5(1): 68–70.
• 25. Jyothsna P, Mohandas Rao Kg, Somayaji Sn, et al. Multiple vascular anomalies involving testicular, suprarenal arteries and lumbar veins. N Am J Med Sci. 2012; 4(3): 154–156, doi: 10.4103/1947-2714.93880, indexed in Pubmed: 22454832.
• 26. Kayalvizhi I, Monisha B, Usha D. Accessory left testicular artery in association with double renal vessels: a rare anomaly. Folia Morphol. 2011; 70(4): 309–311, indexed in Pubmed: 22117252.
• 27. Kocabiyik N, Yalcin B, Kilic C, et al. Accessory renal arteries and an anomalous testicular artery of high origin. Gulhane Med J. 2005; 47(2): 141–143.
• 28. Lelli F, Maurelli V, Maranillo E, et al. Arched and retrocaval testicular arteries: a case report. Eur J Anat. 2007; 11: 119–122.
• 29. Li J, Ren ZF, Sun T. Bilateral high origins of testicular arteries: a rare variant. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2012; 53(2): 427–429, indexed in Pubmed: 22732819.
• 30. Lippert H, Pabst R. Arterial variations in man. J.F. Bergmann, Munchen 1985: 28–35.
• 31. Loukas M, Stewart D. A case of an accessory testicular artery. Folia Morphol. 2004; 63(3): 355–357, indexed in Pubmed: 15478116.
• 32. Machnicki A, Grzybiak M. Variations in testicular arteries in fetuses and adults. Folia Morphol. 1997; 56(4): 277–285, indexed in Pubmed: 9635363.
• 33. Mamatha H, D’Souza AS, Vinodhini P, et al. A cadaveric study about the anomolous origin of testicular arteries arising from the accessory renal arteries. Indian J Surg. 2015; 77(2): 111–116, doi: 10.1007/s12262-012-0737-8, indexed in Pubmed: 26139964.
• 34. Mamatha Y, Prakash BS, Padmalatha K, et al. Variant course of left gonadal artery: a case report. Int J Ana Var. 2010; 3: 132–133.
• 35. Mamatha Y, Prakash BS, Padmalatha K. Rare variant origin of right testicular artery: a case report. Asian J Med Scien. 2011; 2(1): 65–67, doi: 10.3126/ajms.v2i1.3860.
• 36. McMinn RMH. Last’s Anatomy, regional and alied. 8th Ed. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1990: 363.
• 37. Merklin RJ, Michaels NA. The variant renal and suprarenal blood supply with data on the inferior phrenic, ureteral and gonadal arteries: a statistical analysis based on 185 dissections and review of the literature. J Int Coll Surg. 1958; 29(1): 41–76, indexed in Pubmed: 13502578.
• 38. Mirapeix RM, Sañudo JR, Ferreira B, et al. A retrocaval right testicular artery passing through a hiatus in a bifid right renal vein. J Anat. 1996; 189 (Pt 3): 689–690, indexed in Pubmed: 8982847.
• 39. Naito M, Terayama H, Nakamura Y, et al. Left testicular artery arching over the ipsilateral renal vein. Asian J Androl. 2006; 8(1): 107–110, doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2006.00101.x, indexed in Pubmed: 16372128.
• 40. Naito M, Yi SQ, Terayama H, et al. A left testicular artery arising from a middle mesenteric artery. Clin Anat. 2011; 24(2): 266–267, doi: 10.1002/ca.21090, indexed in Pubmed: 21322051.
• 41. Nathan H, Tobias PV, Wellsted MD. An unusual case of right and left testicular arteries arching over the left renal vein. Br J Urol. 1976; 48(2): 135–138, indexed in Pubmed: 953421.
• 42. Nathan H. Aberrant renal artery producing developmental anomaly of kidney associated with unusual course of gonadal (ovarian) vessels. J Urol. 1963; 89: 570–572, indexed in Pubmed: 13937693.
• 43. Notkovitch H. Testicular artery arching over renal vein: clinical and pathological considerations with special reference to varicocele. Br J Urol. 1955; 27(3): 267–271, indexed in Pubmed: 13269815.
• 44. Notkovitch H. Variations of the testicular and ovarian arteries in relation to the renal pedicle. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1956; 103(4): 487–495, indexed in Pubmed: 13360658.
• 45. Odekunle A, Uche-Nwachi EO. Abnormal testicular vascular patterns amongst three trinidadians: a case report. OnLine J Biol Scien. 2007; 7(1): 18–20, doi: 10.3844/ojbsci.2007.18.20.
• 46. Onderoğlu S, Yüksel M, Arik Z. Unusual branching and course of the testicular artery. Ann Anat. 1993; 175(6): 541–544, indexed in Pubmed: 8297041.
• 47. Otulakowski B, Woźniak W. A case of origin of the testicular artery from the renal artery, and course of the testicular artery behind the inferior vena cava. Folia Morphol. 1975; 34(3): 349–351, indexed in Pubmed: 1080739.
• 48. Ozan H, Gümüşalan Y, Onderoğlu S, et al. High origin of gonadal arteries associated with other variations. Ann Anat. 1995; 177(2): 156–160, indexed in Pubmed: 7741277.
• 49. Ozdemir MB, Celik HH, Aldur MM. Altered course of the right testicular artery. Clin Anat. 2004; 17(1): 67–69, doi: 10.1002/ca.10119, indexed in Pubmed: 14695592.
• 50. Pai MM, Vadgaonkar R, Rai R, et al. A cadaveric study of the testicular artery in the South Indian population. Singapore Med J. 2008; 49(7): 551–555, indexed in Pubmed: 18695863.
• 51. Panyanetinad O. Rare combined variations of renal, testicular and suprarenal arteries. Int J Anatom Variations. 2011; 4: 17–19.
• 52. Paraskevas GK, Ioannidis O, Raikos A, et al. High origin of a testicular artery: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep. 2011; 5: 75, doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-5-75, indexed in Pubmed: 21345184.
• 53. Paraskevas GK, Natsis K, Nitsa Z, et al. Bilateral double testicular arteries: a case report and review of the literature. Potential embryological and surgical considerations. Folia Morphol. 2014; 73(3): 383–388, doi: 10.5603/FM.2014.0057, indexed in Pubmed: 25242354.
• 54. Pick JW, Anson BJ. The renal vascular pedicle. J Urol. 1940; 44: 411–434.
• 55. Radojevic S, Stolic E. Note surl’ artere spermatique interne. Origine haute en rapport avec le pedicule renal. Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy). 1964; 122: 314–332.
• 56. Rai R, Ranade AV, Prabhu LV, et al. Variant left testicular artery from the superior polar artery and triple right renal arteries: a case report. Eur J Anat. 2013; 17(4): 262–264.
• 57. Ravery V, Cussenot O, Desgrandchamps F, et al. Variations in arterial blood supply and the risk of hemorrhage during percutaneous treatment of lesions of the pelviureteral junction obstruction: report of a case of testicular artery arising from an inferior polar renal artery. Surg Radiol Anat. 1993; 15(4): 355–359, indexed in Pubmed: 8128346.
• 58. Rusu MC. Human bilateral doubled renal and testicular arteries with a left testicular arterial arch around the left renal vein. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2006; 47(2): 197–200, indexed in Pubmed: 17106531.
• 59. Salve VM, Ashalatha K, Sawant S, et al. Variant origin of right testicular artery: a rare case. Int J Anatom Variations. 2010; 3: 22–24.
• 60. Satheesha NB. Abnormal course of left testicular artery in relation to an abnormal left renal vein: a case report. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2007; 5(1): 108–109, indexed in Pubmed: 18603997.
• 61. Sheheta R. Arterial supply of the suprarenal glands from the testicular arteries in an arabian cadaver.(case report). Gunma J Med Sci. 1964; 13: 297–300, indexed in Pubmed: 14311739.
• 62. Shinohara H, Nakatani T, Fukuo Y, et al. Case with a highpositioned origin of the testicular artery. Anat Rec. 1990; 226(2): 264–266, doi: 10.1002/ar.1092260216, indexed in Pubmed: 2301743.
• 63. Shoja MM, Tubbs RS, Shakeri AB, et al. Origins of the gonadal artery: embryologic implications. Clin Anat. 2007; 20(4): 428–432, doi:10.1002/ca.20438, indexed in Pubmed: 17109441.
• 64. Singh R, Jaiswal A, Shamal SN, et al. Variation in the origin of the testicular arteries and drainage of the right testicular vein. Int J Morphol. 2011; 29(2): 614–616, doi: 10.4067/s0717-95022011000200052.
• 65. Soni S, Wadhwa A. Multiple variations in the paired arteries of abdominal aorta: clinical implications. J Clin Diagn Res. 2010; 4: 2622–2625.
• 66. Sylvia S, Kakarlapudi SV, Vollala VR, et al. Bilateral variant testicular arteries with double renal arteries. Cases J. 2009; 2(1): 114, doi: 10.1186/1757-1626-2-114, indexed in Pubmed: 19187540.
• 67. Wadhwa A, Sandeep S. A study of gonadal arteries in 30 adult human cadavers. Clinical Medicine Insights: Reproductive Health. 2010; 4: 1–5.
• 68. Williams PI, Bannister LH, Berry MM, Collins P, Dyson M, Dussek JE, Ferguson M. (eds.), Gray’s Anatomy 38th Ed. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1995: 1557.
• 69. Xue HG, Yang CY, Ishida S, et al. Duplicate testicular veins accompanied by anomalies of the testicular arteries. Ann Anat. 2005; 187(4): 393–398, doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2005.04.007, indexed in Pubmed: 16163852.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5603/FM.a2017.0035