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Edward Flatau established neurobiological and neuropathological sciences in Poland and at the same time was an outstanding doctor. He was born in Płock, spent several years studying and working abroad, in Moscow and Berlin. In 1894 he wrote a key work “Atlas of the Human Brain and the Course of the Nerve-Fibres” which was published in many languages. He formulated the statement, known as Flatau`s Law, that “greater the length of the fi bres in the spinal cord the closer they are situated to the periphery”. For this work he received Ph.D. in medical sciences. By 1899 he returned to Poland, as a scientist with a world known name. For many years he shared his responsibilities as experimentalist and neurologist between the laboratory and the hospital (he was the head of neurology in the Jewish Hospital in Warsaw). He had a large private practice. He is the author of more than 100 publications in many languages. His most referenced book is classical book about Migraine (1912). Another fundamental paper was on progressive torsion spasm in children. He established the fi rst neurobiological laboratory in 1911 in Warsaw which he headed until 1923. From the initiative of the directors of Warsaw Scientifi c Society` laboratories: Edward Flatau (Neurobiological Laboratory), Kazimierz Białaszewicz (Physiological Laboratory) and Romuald Minkiewicz (General Biology), an autonomous organization was formed in 1918 under the name of Marceli Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology.