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2015 | 22 | 3 |

Tytuł artykułu

Abundanceof questing ticks and molecular evidence for pathogens in ticks in three parks of Emilia-Romagnaregion of Northern Italy

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Warianty tytułu

Języki publikacji

EN

Abstrakty

EN
Introduction and objective. Infectious and parasitic diseases transmitted by ticks, such as Lyme diseases, granulocytic anaplasmosis and piroplasmosis, have been frequently reported in Europe, with increasing attention to them as an emerging zoonotic problem. The presented study was performed to assess the distribution and the density of questing ticks in three regional parks of Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy, and to seek molecular evidence of potential human pathogens in tick populations. Materials and Methods. In the period April-October 2010, 8,139 questing ticks were collected: 6,734 larvae, 1,344 nymphs and only a few adults – 28 females and 33 males. The abundance of Ixodes ricinus questing ticks was compared among different sampling sites and related to microclimate parameters. 1,544 out of 8,139 ticks were examined for the presence of pathogens: PCR was used to detect piroplasms DNA and Real time Taqman PCR for Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. Results. The predominant species was I. ricinus (overall abundance 1,075.9/100 m2); more rarely, Dermacentor marginatus (n = 37 – 0.45%), Scaphixodes frontalis (n = 13 – 0.16%), Hyalomma spp. (n = 6 – 0.07%) and Ixodes acuminatus (n = 3 – 0.04%) were also found. 28 out of 324 (8.6%) samples of ticks were PCR-positive for piroplasm DNA. 11 amplicons of 18S rRNA gene were identical to each other and had 100% identity with Babesia EU1 (Babesia venatorum) using BLAST analysis. Real time Taqman PCR gave positive results for A. phagocytophilum in 23 out of 292 samples (7.9%), and for B. burgdorferi s.l. in 78 out of 292 samples (26.7%). I. ricinus was the only species found positive for pathogens by molecular analysis; 16 tick samples were co-infected with at least 2 pathogens. Discussion. The peak of nymph presence was in May, and the higher prevalence of pathogens occurred in April-June, most often in nymphs; therefore, spring season could represent the higher risk period for the transmission of pathogens. These data could provide guidelines for the preventions of tick-trasmitted diseases in this region.

Słowa kluczowe

Wydawca

-

Rocznik

Tom

22

Numer

3

Opis fizyczny

p.459-466,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor
  • Veterinary practitioner, Modena, Italy
autor
  • Department of Veterinary Medial Sciences, Alma mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy
autor
  • Department of Veterinary Medial Sciences, Alma mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy
autor
  • Departmentof Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary, Uniersity of Clifornia Davis, California, USA
autor
  • Veterinary Practitioner,Forli-Cesena, Italy
autor
  • Departmentof Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary, Uniersity of Clifornia Davis, California, USA
autor
  • Veterinary practitioner, Modena, Italy
autor
  • Veterinary practitioner, Modena, Italy
  • Department of Veterinary Medial Sciences, Alma mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy

Bibliografia

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  • 4. Kramer VL, Beesley C. Temporal and spatial distribution of Ixodes pacificus and Dermacentor occidentalis (Acari: Ixodidae) and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Contra Costa county, California. J MedEntomol. 1993; 30 (3): 549–554.
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  • 6. Manilla G. Fauna d’Italia. Acari Ixodida. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, Italy, 1998.
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  • 8. Schwarz A, Maier WA, Kistemann T, Kampen H. Analysis of the distribution of the tick Ixodes ricinus L. (Acari: Ixodidae) in a naturereserve of western Germany using Geographic Information systems.Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009; 212(1): 87–96.
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  • 10. Galuppi R, Aureli S, Bonoli C, Caffara M, Tampieri MP. Detection and molecular characterization of Theileria sp. in fallow deer (Dama dama) and ticks from an Italian natural preserve. Res Vet Sci. 2011; 91(1): 110–115.
  • 11. Drazenovich N, Foley J, Brown RN. Use of Real-Time quantitative PCR targeting the msp2 protein gene to identify cryptic Anaplasmaphagocytophilum infections in wildlife and domestic animals. VectorborneZoon Dis. 2006, 1(1): 83–90.
  • 12. Barbour AG, Bunikis J, Travinsky B, Hoen A G, Diuk-Wasser MA, Fish D, Tsao JI. Niche partitioning of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia miyamotoi in the same tick vector and mammalian reservoir species.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009; 81(6): 1120–1131.
  • 13. Barandika JF, Hurtado A, Juste RA, Garcìa-Pérez AL. Seasonal Dynamics of Ixodes ricinus in a 3-Year Period in Northern Spain: FirstSurvey on the Presence of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus. Vector-BorneZoon Dis. 2010; 10(10): 1027–1035.
  • 14. Maioli G, Pistone D, Bonilauri P, Pajoro M, Barbieri I, Patrizia M, Vicari N, Dottori M. Ethiological agents of rickettsiosis and anaplasmosis in ticks collected in Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) during 2008 and 2009.Exp Appl Acarol. 2012; 57(2): 199–208.
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  • 16. Wilson ML. Population ecology of tick vectors: interaction, measurement and analysis. In: Sonenshine DE, Mather TN (eds.).Ecological dynamics of tick-borne zoonoses. Oxford University Press,UK, 1994. p.20–44.
  • 17. Randolph SE, Green RM, Hoodless AN, Peacey MF. An empirical quantitative framework for the seasonal population dynamics of the tick Ixodes ricinus. Int J Parassitol. 2002; 32: 979–989.
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  • 20. Jensen PM. Host seeking activity of the Ixodes ricinus ticks based on daily consecutive flagging samples. Exp Appl Acarol. 2000; 24: 695–708.
  • 21. Hartelt K, Oehme R, Frank H, Brockmann SO, Hassler D, Kimming P. Pathogens and symbionts in ticks: prevalence of Anaplasmaphagocytophilum (Ehrlichia sp.), Wolbachia sp., Rickettsia sp. andBabesia sp. in southern Germany. Int J Med Microbiol. 2004; 293(suppl 37): 86–92.
  • 22. Kuźna-Grygiel W, Bukowska K, Cichocka A, Kosik-Bogacka D, Skotarczak B. The prevalence of piroplasms in a population of Ixodesricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) from North-Western Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2002; 9(2): 175–178.
  • 23.Gray JS. Studies on the activity of Ixodes ricinus in relation to the epidemiology of babesiosis in Co Meath, Ireland. Br Vet J. 1980; 136(5): 427–436.
  • 24.Cassini R, Bonoli C, Montarsi F, Tessarin C, Marcer F, Galuppi R. Detection of Babesia EU1 in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Northen Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2010; 171(1–2): 151–154.
  • 25.Herwaldt B L, Cacciò S, Gherlinzoni F, Aspock H, Slemenda SD, Piccalunga P, Martinelli G, Edelhofer R, Hollstein U, Poletti G, Pampiglione S, Loschenberger K, Tura S, Pieniazek N. Molecular charcterization of a non-Babesia divergens organism causing zoonotic babesiosis in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9(8): 942–948.
  • 26.Corrain R, Drigo M, Fenati M, Menandro ML, Mondin A, Pasotto D, Martini M. Study on ticks and tick-borne zoonoses in public parks in Italy. Zoonoses Public Health. 2012; 59(7): 468–476.
  • 27.Nazzi F, Martinelli E, Del Fabbro S, Bernardinelli I, Milani N, Iob A, Pischiutti P, Campello C, D’Agaro P. Ticks and Lyme borreliosis in an alpine area in northeast Italy. Med Vet Entomol. 2010; 24(3): 220–226.
  • 28.Wójcik-Fatla A, Szymańska J, Wdowiak L, Buczek A, Dutkiewicz J. Coincidence of three pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti) in Ixodes ricinus ticks in the Lublin macroregion. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2009; 16(1): 151–158.

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Bibliografia

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