Contamination potential assessment of potable groundwater in Lahore, Pakistan

• Autorzy: Akhtar M.M. , Tang Z. , Mohamadi B.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The water supply in Lahore, Pakistan, is totally dependent on groundwater, which is creating a number of challenges due to mismanagement of groundwater resources and an exploding population. An unconfined aquifer is receiving pollutants from a poor drainage system, non-scientific landfills, and through untreated effluents from industries and domestic sources. A study was conducted to evaluate groundwater qualities: total dissolved solids, total hardness, pH, alkalinity, and turbidity. Using geographic information system (GIS), drinking water quality zones were developed with groundwater chemical analysis data. Applying World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards, 61% of the total area is excellent, 27% is good, 9% is moderate and 3% has poor quality, while only 5% of the area is excellent, 29% is good, 34% is moderate, and 32% is not suitable for drinking purposes using Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) drinking water standards. According to 2010 groundwater chemical analysis data, most areas have suitable zones for drinking purposes; however, there is high risk of continuous contamination. Finally, this study identifies highly contaminated groundwater zones and makes it convenient to find actual pollutants. Therefore, plans are needed to protect the aquifer.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
• Rocznik: 2014
• Tom: 23
• Numer: 6
• Opis fizyczny: p.1905-1916,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Akhtar M.M.

• Department of Water Resources and Hydrogeology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430047, P.R. China

autor

Tang Z.

• Department of Water Resources and Hydrogeology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430047, P.R. China

autor

Mohamadi B.

• School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430047, P.R. China

Bibliografia

• 1. MILENKOVIC N., DAMJANOVIC M., RISTIC M. Study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediments from the Iron Gate (Danuae River), Serbia and Montenegro. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 14, (6), 781, 2005.
• 2. JIT S., DADHWAL M., KUMARI H., JINDAL S., KAUR J., LATA P., NIHARIKA N., LAL D., GARG N., GUPTA S.K. Evaluation of hexachlorocyclohexane contamination from the last lindane production plant operating in India. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. 18, (4), 586, 2010.
• 3. NESTLER A., BERGLUND M., ACCOE F., DUTA S., XUE D., BOECKX P., TAYLOR P. Isotopes for improved management of nitrate pollution in aqueous resources: review of surface water field studies. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. 18, (4), 519, 2011.
• 4. BACCI E., FRANCHI A., BENSI L., GAGGI C. Pesticides and groundwater quality protection. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. 1, (2), 94, 1994.
• 5. HELIOS-RYBICKA E., KNOCHEL A., MEYER A., PRO- TASOWICKI M., POPRAWSKI L., WOLSKA L., NAMIESNIK J. Distribution of pollutants in the Odra river system. Part I. General description of the International Odra Project (IOP). Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 11, (6), 649, 2002.
• 6. GRZEBISZ W., CIESLA L., KOMISAREK J., POTARZY- CKI J. Geochemical Assessment of the Heavy Metals Pollution of Urban Soils. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 11, (5), 493, 2002.
• 7. ZEKTSER I.S., EVERETT L.G. Groundwater and the envi­ronment: applications for the global community. CRC, 2000.
• 8. HUMPHREYS W. Hydrogeology and groundwater ecolo­gy: Does each inform the other? Hydrogeol. J. 17, (1), 5, 2009.
• 9. STEUBE C., RICHTER S., GRIEBLER C. First attempts towards an integrative concept for the ecological assessment of groundwater ecosystems. Hydrogeol. J. 17, (1), 23, 2009.
• 10. SCANLON B.R., REEDY R.C., STONESTROM D.A., PRUDIC D.E., DENNEHY K.F. Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Change on Groundwater Recharge and Qual-ity in the Southwestern US. Glob. Change Biol. 11, (10-2005), 1577, 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01026.x
• 11. SILVA E., MENDES M.P., RIBEIRO L., CEREJEIRA M.J. Exposure assessment of pesticides in a shallow groundwater of the Tagus vulnerable zone (Portugal): A multivariate sta­tistical approach (JCA). Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 1-14, 2012.
• 12. SHAKIR L., EJAZ S., ASHRAF M., AHMAD N., JAVEED A. Characterization of tannery effluent wastewater by pro­ton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis to investigate their role in water pollution. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. 19, (2), 492, 2012.
• 13. BURROUGH P. Principles of geographical information sys­tems. In. Oxford University Press, 1998.
• 14. LO C., YEUNG A. Concept and Techniques of Geographic Information System. . In. Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, India, 2002.
• 15. STAFFORD D.B. Civil engineering applications of remote sensing and geographic information systems. In: 1991. ASCE.
• 16. YAMMANI S. Groundwater quality suitable zones identifi­cation: application of GIS, Chittoor area, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ. Geol. 53, (1), 201, 2007.
• 17. SERGEY P. Adsorption of Cadmium onto Hematite: Temperature Dependence. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 234, 1-8 2001.
• 18. GABRIEL H., KHAN S. Climate Responsive Urban Groundwater Management Options in a Stressed Aquifer System. IAHS-AISH publication, pp. 166-168, 2010.
• 19. SCHNOOR J.L. Environmental modeling: fate and trans­port of pollutants in water, air, and soil. John Wiley and Sons, 1996.
• 20. KHAN S., RANA T., GABRIEL H., ULLAH M.K. Hydrogeologic assessment of escalating groundwater exploitation in the Indus Basin, Pakistan. Hydrogeol. J. 16, (8), 1635, 2008.
• 21. SAMI F. Water quality monitoring of Hudiara drain', an independent consultancy for data analysis and water quality management plan. P.E.P. Department, Editor. 2001: Lahore, 2001.
• 22. RAGHUNATH K., BISWAS G., RAO K.P., JOSEPH K., CHVAPIL M. Some characteristics of collagen-heparin complex. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 17, (4), 613, 1983.
• 23. PSQCA: Pakistan standards specification of bottled drinking water (3rd revision). In: Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority, M.o.S.a.T., Government of Pakistan (ed.), vol. 3rd revision. vol. PS: 46392004 (R). Islamabad, Pakistan, 2004.
• 24. SAWYER C.N., MCCARTY P.L. Chemistry for sanitary engineers. 1967.
• 25. BALAKRISHNAN P., SALEEM A., MALLIKARJUN N. Groundwater quality mapping using geographic information system (GIS): A case study of Gulbarga City, Karnataka, India. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 5, (12), 1069, 2011.
• 26. WHO: Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality In, vol. ISBN 92 4 154480 5 (v. 2) pp. 971., Geneva, 1996.
• 27. JOSEPH K. A cleaner production approach for minimisation of total dissolved solids in reactive dyeing effluents. 2005.
• 28. DURFOR C.N, BAKER F. Public water supplies of the 10 larger city in the US Geological Survey. Water Supply 1812, 364, 1964.
• 29. SINGH E.J.K., GUPTA A., SINGH N. Groundwater quality in Imphal West district, Manipur, India, with multivariate statistical analysis of data. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., pp. 1-14, 2012.
• 30. SUBBA RAO N. Groundwater quality in crystalline terrain of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. Visakha Sci. J. 2, (1), 51, 1998.
• 31. SOHANI D., PANDE S., SRIVASTAVA V. Ground water quality at Tribal Town: Nandurbar (Maharashtra). Indian Journal of Environment and Ecoplanning 5, (2), 475, 2001.
• 32. FARID S., BALOCH M.K., AHMED S. Water pollution: Major issue in urban areas. Int. J. Water Res. Environ. Eng 4, (3), 55, 2012.
• 33. DAVIS S.N., DEWIEST R. Hydrogeology. In., pp. 463, John Wiley, New York, 1966.
• 34. FREEZE A. Groundwater. In. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, USA, 1987.
• 35. The British Columbia, G.W.A.: Hardness in Groundwater. In. 2007.
• 36. SMITH W., CROMBIR I. Chronic heart diseases and water hardness. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1987.
• 37. (EPA) U.S.E.P.A.: A review of methods for assessing aquifer sensitivity and ground water Vulnerability to pesticide cont­amination. In: vol. U.S. EPS. EPA/813/R-93/002. 1993.
• 38. S.D.W.: Water Quality Tests. In: http://www.safewater.org/PDFS/communitywatertestkit/ Water_Quality_Tests.pdf
• 39. ADDY K., GREEN L., HERRON E. pH and Alkalinity. In. University Rhode Island 02881-0804, 2004.
• 40. ZERATSKY K., R.D., L.D. Alkaline water: Better than plain water? http ://www.mayoclinic .com/health/alkaline-water/ AN01800 2012.
• 41. ADAMS V.D. Water Quality: Protecting Household Drinking Water (Interpreting a Mineral Analysis). 2001.
• 42. SENTHILKUMAR M., GNANAPRAGASAM G., ARUTCHELVAN V., NAGARAJAN S. Influence of hydraulic retention time in a two-phase upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating textile dyeing effluent using sago effluent as the co-substrate. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. 18, (4), 649, 2011.
• 43. BANGASH F.K., AHMAD T., ATTA S., ZEB A. Effects of irradiation on the storage stability of Red Palm Oil. Journal­Chinese Chemical Society Taipei 51, (5A), 991, 2004.
• 44. E. J. WATER QUALITY: Managing Drinking Water Quality: Typical Contaminants And Problems Turbidity (Cloudy Water). 1995.
• 45. MESQUITA D.P., RIBEIRO R.R., AMARAL A.L., FER­REIRA E.C., COELHO M.A.Z. Image analysis application for the study of activated sludge floc size during the treat­ment of synthetic and real fishery wastewaters. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. 18, (8), 1390, 2011.

Uwagi

rekord w opracowaniu