Alkaline protease immobilized on graphene oxide: highly efficient catalysts for the proteolysis of waste-activated sludge

• Autorzy: Su R. , Zhang W. , Zhu M. , Xu S. , Yang M. , Li D.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This study aims to investigate the enzymatic hydrolysis of waste-activated sludge (WAS) using free and immobilized alkaline protease. Alkaline protease was immobilized on graphene oxide (GO) sheets using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking reagent. The storage stabilities, kinetic parameters, physical properties, and the free amino acid (FAA) profiles of the WAS protein hydrolysates from free and immobilized enzyme were analyzed. The immobilized enzyme showed significantly improved storage stability, whereas kinetic analysis showed that the apparent Km for the immobilized alkaline enzyme was about 1.8-fold higher than that of free protease. Alkaline protease immobilized on GO showed significant activity towards WAS protein hydrolysates, attractive for practical applications. The FAAs formed by free protease and enzyme immobilized on GO were generally similar.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
• Rocznik: 2013
• Tom: 22
• Numer: 3
• Opis fizyczny: p.885-891,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Su R.

• College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China

autor

Zhang W.

• College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China

autor

Zhu M.

• College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
• Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Zhangzhou Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, PR China

autor

Xu S.

• College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China

autor

Yang M.

• College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China

autor

Li D.

• College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China

Bibliografia

• 1. RAUNKJÆR K., HVITVED-JACOBSEN T., NIELSEN P.H. Measurement of pools of protein, carbohydrate and lipid in domestic wastewater, Water Res. 28, 251, 1994.
• 2. CHEN Y.G., JIANG S., YUAN H.Y., ZHOU Q., GU G.W. Hydrolysis and acidification of waste activated sludge at different pHs, Water Res. 41, 683, 2007.
• 3. HUYNH L.H., KASIM N.S., JU Y.H. Extraction and analysis of neutral lipids from activated sludge with and without sub-critical water pre-treatment, Bioresource Technol. 101, 8891, 2010.
• 4. CHAMPAGNE P., LI C.J. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic municipal wastewater treatment process residuals as feedstocks for the recovery of simple sugars, Bioresource Technol. 100, 5700, 2009.
• 5. LIU Y., KONG S., LI Y., ZENG H. Novel technology for sewage sludge utilization: Preparation of amino acids chelated trace elements (AACTE) fertilizer, J. Hazard. Mater. 171, 1159, 2009.
• 6. CARLSON C.G., PLATMANUFACTUR A.B., MALMO S. Improved filtration of biosludges by enzyme treatment, Filtr. Sep. 16, (1), 82, 1979.
• 7. THOMAS L., JUNGSCHAFFER G., SPROESSLER B. Improved sludge dewatering by enzymatic treatment,Water Sci. Technol. 28, (1), 189, 1993.
• 8. BARJENBRUCH M., KOPPLOW O. Enzymatic, mechanical and thermal pretreatment of surplus sludge, Adv. Environ. Res. 7, (3), 715, 2003.
• 9. AYOL A. Enzymatic treatment effects on dewaterability of anaerobically digested biosolids – I: performance evaluations, Process. Biochem. 40, (7), 2427, 2005.
• 10. PEI H., HU W., LIU Q. Effect of protease and cellulase on the characteristic of activated sludge, J. Hazard. Mater. 178, 397, 2010.
• 11. SILVA C., ZHANG Q., SHEN J., CAVACO-PAULO A. Immobilization of proteases with a water soluble-insoluble reversible polymer for treatment of wool, Enzyme. Microb. Tech. 39, (4), 634, 2006.
• 12. LI F.Y., XING Y.J., DING X. Immobilization of papain on cotton fabric by sol-gel method, Enzyme. Microb. Tech. 40, (7), 1692, 2007.
• 13. KUMAR A.G., PERINBAM K., KAMATCHI P., NAGESH N., SEKARAN G. In situ immobilization of acid protease on mesoporous activated carbon packed column for the production of protein hydrolysates, Bioresour. Technol. 101, (4), 1377, 2010.
• 14. ZHAO J., WANG Y., LUO G., ZHU S. Immobilization of penicillin G acylase on macro-mesoporous silica spheres, Bioresource Technol. 102, (2), 529, 2011.
• 15. YILMAZ E., CAN K., SEZGIN M., YILMAZ M. Immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase on glass beads for enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic Naproxen methyl ester, Bioresource Technol. 102, (2), 499, 2011.
• 16. KIM J., GRATE J.W., WANG P. Nanostructures for enzyme stabilization, Chem. Eng. Sci. 61, (3), 1017, 2006.
• 17. WAKABAYASHI K., PIERRE C., DIKIN D.A., RUOFF R.S., RAMANATHAN T., BRINSON L.C. Polymer-Graphite nanocomposites: effective dispersion and major property enhancement via solid-state shear pulverization, Macromolecules. 41, (6), 1905, 2008.
• 18. WANG Y., LI Z.H., WANG J., LI J.H., LIN Y.H. Graphene and graphene oxide: biofunctionalization and applications in biotechnology, Trends. Biotechnol. 29, (5), 205, 2011.
• 19. NOVOSELOV K.S., GEIM A.K., MOROZOV S.V. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films, Science. 306, 666, 2004.
• 20. KIM H., MACOSKO C.W. Processing-property relationships of polycarbonate/graphene composites, Polymer. 50, 3797, 2009.
• 21. WEI T., LUO G.L., FAN Z.H.J., ZHENG CH., YAN J., YAO C.Z., LI W.F., ZHANG CH. Preparation of graphene nanosheet/polymer composites using in situ reduction-extractive dispersion, Carbon. 47, 2296, 2009.
• 22. JIANG L., SHEN X.P., WU J.L., SHEN K.CH. Preparation and characterization of graphene/poly (vinyl alcohol) Nanocomposites, J.Appl.Polym. Sci. 118, 275, 2010.
• 23. STANKOVICH S., DIKIN D.A., DOMMETT G.H.B., KOHLHAAS K.M., ZIMNEY E.J., STACH E.A. Graphene-based composite materials, Nature. Lett. 442, (20), 282, 2006.
• 24. ZHANG J.L., ZHANG F., YANG H.J., HUANG X.L., LIU H., ZHANG J.Y., Graphene oxide as a matrix for enzyme immobilization, Langmuir. Lett. 26, (9), 6083, 2010.
• 25. YANG Q., PAN X.J., HUANG F., LI K.C. Fabrication of High-Concentration and Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Graphene, J. Phys. Chem. C. 114, 3811, 2010.
• 26. HUMMERS W.S., OFFEMAN R.E. Preparation of graphitic oxide, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, (6), 1339, 1958.
• 27. HIRATA M., GOTOU T., HORIUCHI S., FUJIWARA M., OHBA M. Thin-film particles of graphite oxide 1: High-yield synthesis and flexibility of the particles, Carbon. 42, (14), 2929, 2004.
• 28. SU R., SHI P., ZHU M., HONG F., LI D. Studies on the properties of graphene oxide-alkaline protease bio-composites. Bioresour Technol. 115, 136, 2012.
• 29. CHELLAPANDIAN M. Preparation and characterization of alkaline protease immobilized on vermiculite, Process. Biochem. 33, (2), 169, 1998.
• 30. ALTUN G.D., CETINUS S.A. Immobilization of pepsin on chitosan beads, Food. Chem. 100, 964, 2007.
• 31. KENNEDY J.F., MELO E.H.M., Immobilized enzymes and cells, Chem. Eng. Prog. 86, 81, 1990.
• 32. NIYOGI S., BEKYAROVA E., ITKIS M.E., MCWILLIAMS J.L., HAMON M.A., HADDON R.C. Solution properties of graphite and grapheme, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 7720, 2006.
• 33. LI D., MÜLLER M.B., GILJE S., KANER R.B., WALLACE G.G. Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets, Nat. Nanotech. 3, 101, 2008.
• 34. YANG Q., PAN X., HUANG F., LI K. Fabrication of high-concentration and stable aqueous suspensions of graphene nanosheets by noncovalent functionalization with lignin and cellulose derivatives, J. Phys. Chem. C. 114, (9), 3811, 2010.
• 35. STANKOVICH S., DIKIN D.A., PINER R.D., KOHLHAAS K.A., KLEINHAMMES A., JIA Y. Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide, Carbon. 45, (7), 1558, 2007.
• 36. HSIEH C.T., TENG H. Influence of oxygen treatment on electric double-layer capacitance of activated carbon fabrics, Carbon. 40, (5), 667, 2002.
• 37. GONG Q.M., LI Z., WANG Y., WU B., ZHANG Z., LIANG J. The effect of high-temperature annealing on the structure and electrical properties of well-aligned carbon nanotubes, Mater. Res. Bull. 42, (3), 474, 2007.
• 38. HSIEH C.T., HSU S.M., LIN J.Y., TENG H., Electrochemical capacitors based on grapheme oxide sheets using different aqueous electrolytes. J. Phys. Chem. C. 115, (25), 12367, 2011.