Low-cost adsorbents derived from agricultural by-products/wastes for enhancing contaminant uptakes from wastewater: A Review

• Autorzy: Sulyman M. , Namiesnik J. , Gierak A.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

A major threat to the comfort of human life has been imposed by increased industrialization and urbanization. The generation and disposal of huge amounts of toxic materials and pollutants have heavily contaminated our environment. Some Organics such as synthetic dyes (SD) and heavy metals (HM) are becoming increasingly prevalent as the most dangerous pollutants in soil and surface water environments. They are causing great concern worldwide due to their toxicity to many life forms. Environmentally friendly utilization of agricultural by-products/waste materials either as raw materials or in production of so-called activated carbons (AC) is an important issue. Because it is apparent from our literature review that the main factors characterizing these materials are their affordability, local availability, and efficiencies in removing many unwanted toxics and pollutants, they therefore could be utilized instead of more conventional but expensive adsorbent materials, particularly in developing countries where many industries lack appropriate individual sewage treatment systems; even where they exist, they lack satisfactory functioning and maintenance because of the lack of good budgets. A number of case studies are supplied in this review. These case studies have pointed to the efficient removal of SD/HM ions from aqueous solutions by the agricultural by-products/wastes in the form of a raw material, signifying spent tea leaves (STL) as a good example. Besides, the efficient removal of such ions by AC produced from these agricultural by-products/wastes has also been given in detail, suggesting a variety of AC agricultural by-products/wastes sources. Both kinds are widely used adsorbents in the treatment of wastewaters. Our review has shown that these adsorbents are characterized by many exceptional physical and chemical features that make them widely used adsorbents in the treatment of wastewaters. The adsorption efficiencies by these substances were also affected by the characteristics of AC, which depend on the physical and chemical properties of the precursor (i.e., agricultural by-products/wastes) as well as on the activation method applied, which is either chemical or physical. The structural properties of the resulting AC can be affected by a number of factors such as time of activation, temperature of activation, and the oxidizing agent used in addition to the starting precursor.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: 26
• Numer: 2
• Opis fizyczny: P.479-510,gif.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Sulyman M.

• Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland

autor

Namiesnik J.

• Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland

autor

Gierak A.

• Department of Physical Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. CONTRERAS L, SEPULVEDA L, PALMA C. Valorization of Agro-industrial Wastes as Biosorbent for the Removal of Textile Dyes from Aqueous Solutions. International Journal of Chemical Engineering., Article ID 679352, 9, 2012.
• 2. GUPTA V.K. AND ALI I. Environmental Water Advances in Treatment, Remediation and Recycling. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59399-3.00001-5, 2013.
• 3. GRAG V.K., KUMAR R., GUPTA R. Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption Using Agro-industries Waste: a Case Study of Phosppis cineraria, Dyes Pigments, 62, 1, 2004.
• 4. United States, Environmental Protection Agency, EPA U.S., 2007.
• 5. SULYMAN M. Agricultural by-Products/Waste as Dye and Metal Ions Adsorbents: A Review, Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science,.6, 6, 01, 2016.
• 6. www.papercalculater.org
• 7. JUANG R.S., SHIAU R.C. Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Chitosan-Enhanced Membrane Filtration, J. Membr. Sci., 165 (2), 159. 2000.
• 8. AHLUWALIA S., GOYAL D. Microbial and Plant Derived Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater. Bioresource Technol. J., 98 (12), 2243, 2007.
• 9. SANCHEZ A.G., AYUSO E.A. Sorption of Zn, Cd and Cr on Calcite: Application to Purification of Industrial Wastewater. Miner. Eng. J., 15, 539, 2002.
• 10. [FAROOQ U., KOZINSKI J.A., KHAN M.A., ATHAR M, Biosorptionof Heavy Metal Ions Using Wheat Based Biosorbents. Bioresource Technol. J., 01, 5043, 2010.
• 11. BABEL S., KURNIAWAN T.A., Low-Cost Adsorbents for Heavy Metals Uptake from Contaminated Water: a review. j. hazard. mater. 97, 219, 2003.
• 12. AL-SWAIDAN H.M., ASHFAQ A. Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Saudi Arabian Dates Tree’s Fronds Wastes, 3rd International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Ipcbee,, 20, 2011.
• 13. SULYMAN M., NAMIENIK J., GIERAK A. Utilization of New Activated Carbon from an Oak Leaves for Removal of Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solution, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 23 (6), 323, 2014.
• 14. ABUDAIA J.A., SULYMAN M.O., EL-AZABY K.Y., BEN-ALI S.M., Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) from Aqueous Solution onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Date Stones, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 4 (2), 2013.
• 15. ALHAMED Y.A.S., Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Dates` Stones In: The 6th Saudi Engineering Conference, KFUPM, Dhahran, December 2002.
• 16. AMJAD H. EL-SHEIKH, ALAN P. NEWMAN, HAFID K. AL-DAFFAEE, SUKI PHULL, NEIL CRESSWELL., Characterization of Activated Carbon Prepared from a Single Cultivar of Jordanian Olive Stones by Chemical and Physicochemical Techniques. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis., 71, 151, 2004.
• 17. RAFIE R.M., Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Black Tea Waste, Arab J. Sci Eng, 37, 1505, 2012.
• 18. SULYMAN M., Fixed-bed Column Packed with Lowcost Spent Tea Leaves for the Removal of Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solution, 5th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Gdansk-Poland, 2014.
• 19. LIBRA J.A., RO K.S., KAMMANN C., FUNKE A., BERGE N.D., NEUBAUER Y., Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass residuals: a comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and dry pyrolysis. Biofuels, 2 (1), 71, 2011.
• 20. FOO K.Y., HAMEED B.H. Utilization of rice husks as a feedstock for preparation of activated carbon by microweve induced KOH and K₂CO₃ activation, Bioresource Technology, 102 (20), 9814, 2011.
• 21. BAILEY S.E., OLIN T.I., BRICKA M., ADRIAN D., A Review of Potentionally Low-Cost Sorbent for Heavy Metals. water res. 33, 2469, 1999.
• 22. TSAI W.T., LEE M.K., CHANG Y.M., J. anal. appl. pyrolysis 76, 230, 2006.
• 23. MARTINEZ M.L., TORRES M., GUZMAN C.A., MAESTRI D.M., Ind. crops prod. 23, 23, 2006.
• 24. LIM W.C., SRINIVASAKANNAN C., BALASUBRAMANIAN N. Activation of Palm Shells by H₃Po₄ Impregnation for High Yielding Activated Carbon. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 88, 181, 2006.
• 25. Haimour N.M., Emeish S. Waste Manage. 26, 651, 2006.
• 26. TOLES C., MARSHALL W., JOHNS M., WARTELLE L., MCALOON A. Bioresour. Technol. 71, 87, 2006.
• 27. PUTUN E., UZUN B.B., PUTUN A.E. Bioresour. Ttechnol. 97, 701, 2006.
• 28. CRINI G. Non-Conventional Low-Cost Adsorbents for Dye Removal: A review. Bioresour. Technol., 97, 1061, 2006.
• 29. FIORENTIN L.D., TRIGUEROS D.E.G., MÓDENES A.N., ESPINOZA-QUIÑONES F.R., PEREIRA N.C., BARROS S.T.D., SANTOS O.A.A. Biosorption of Reactive Blue 5G Dye onto Drying Orange Bagasse in Batch System: Kinetic and Equilibrium Modeling. Chem. Eng. J., 163, 68, 2010.
• 30. KAUSHIK C.P., TUTEJA R., KAUSHIK N., SHARMA J.K. Minimization of Organic Chemical Load in Direct Dyes Effluent Using Low Cost Adsorbents. Chem. Eng. J., 155, 234, 2009.
• 31. KYZAS G.Z. A Decolorization Technique with Spent “Greek Coffee” Grounds as Zero-Cost Adsorbents for Industrial Textile Wastewaters. Materials J. 5, 2069, 2012.
• 32. KYZAS G.Z., LAZARIDIS N.K., MITROPOULOS A.C. Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solutions with Untreated Coffee Residues as Potential Low-Cost Adsorbents: Equilibrium, Reuse and Thermodynamic Approach. Chem. Eng. J., 189-190, 148, 2012.
• 33. CAVAS L., KARABAY Z., ALYURUK H., DOGAN H., DEMIR G. Thomas and Artificial Neutral Network Models for the Fixed-bed Adsorption of Methylene Blue by a Beach Waste Posidonia Oceanic L. Dead Leaves. Chem. Eng. J., 171, 557, 2011.
• 34. DENIZ F., KARAMAN S. Removal of Basic Red 46 Dye from Aqueous Solution by Pine Tree Leaves. Chem. Eng. j., 170, 67, 2011.
• 35. ASHLY L.P., THIRUMALISAMY S. Adsorption of Hazardous Cationic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions onto Acacia nilotica L. Leaves as an eco Friendly Adsorbent, Sustain. Environ. Res., 22 (2), 113, 2012.
• 36. KANDASWAMY S.B., SRIKRISHNA P.T.R. FixedBed Column Studies on Bio-sorption of Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solution by Citrullus Lanatus and Cyperus Rotundus. Applied Water Science, DOI: 10.1007/s13201-013-0103-4. adapted from http://www.springer.com. 2013.
• 37. JOHNS M.M., MARSHALL W.E., TOLES C.A. Agricultural by-Products as Granular Activated Carbons for Adsorbing Dissolved Metals and Organics, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 71, 131, 1998.
• 38. HAN R.P., ZOU W.H., YU W.H., CHENG S.J., WANG Y.F., SHI J. Bio-sorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Fallen Phoenix Tree`s Leaves. J. Hazard Mater, 141, 156, 2007.
• 39. IHSAN H.D. Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye from Wastewater By Spent Tea Leaves, Journal of Kerbala University, 11 (3) Scientific, 2013.
• 40. YASSINE E.L., SOPHIE D., MEJDI J., GWÉNAELLE T., RACHID S. Measurement of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants during Combustion of Date Palm Wastes for Energy Recovery. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 12, 814, 2012.
• 41. RAGHUVANSHI S.P., SINGH R., KAUSHIK C. P. Kinetics study of methyene blue bye bioadsorption on baggase. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research., 2 (2), 35, 2004.
• 42. NAMASIVAYAM C., KADIRVELU K. Uptake of Mercury (II) from Wastewater by Activated Carbon from an Unwanted Agricultural Soild by-product: Coirpith, Carbon 37, 79, 1999.
• 43. FAOSTAT. On-line statistical database of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Available at http://www.apps.fao.org 2010.
• 44. BCHINI H., HSAYOUI S., ALOUI S. Gestion de la Matière Organique et Compostage des Palmes Sèches Dans le Milieu Oasien. Annales de l’INRAT 75, 299, 2002.
• 45. GOUAMID M., OUAHRANI M.R., BENSACI M.B. Adsorption Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using Date Palm Leaves, Energy Procedia 36, 898, 2013.
• 46. FUAT GÜZEL, HASAN SAYĞILI, GÜLBAHAR AKKAYA SAYĞILI A, FILIZ KOYUNCU Decolorisation of aqueous crystal violet solution by a new nanoporous carbon: Equilibrium and kinetic approach. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 20, 3375, 2014.
• 47. RACHMA W., HUONG N., RIA M., CLAES N., MOHAMMAD J.T. Improvement of Biogas Production from Orang Peel Waste by Leaching of Limonene. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, BioMed Research International. Article ID 494182, 2014.
• 48. GUO Y.P, ROCKSTRAW D.A. Activated carbons prepared from rice hull by one-step phosphoric acid activation, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater, 100, 12, 2007.
• 49. NASEHIR K.E.M.Y., ISMAIL A., MUHAMAD F.L., OLUGBENGA S.B., MOHD A.A. Fixed-bed column study for Cu (II) removal from aqueous solutions using rice husk based activated carbon. International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS, 11, 01, 2011.
• 50. NOOR SYUHADAH S., ROHASLINEY H. Rice Husk as Biosorbent: A Review, Health and the Environment Journal, 3, 1, 2012.
• 51. CHUAH T.G., JUMASIAH A., AZNI I., KATAYON S., THOMAS CHOONG S.Y. Desalination. 175, 305, 2005.
• 52. REFFAS A., BERNARDET V., DAVID B., REINERT L., BENCHEIKH M.L., DUBOIS M., BATISSE N., DUCLAUX L. Carbons prepared from coffee grounds by H3PO4 activation: characterization and adsorption of methylene blue and Nylosan Red N- 2RBL. J. Hazard. Mater, 175, 779, 2010.
• 53. NAKAMURA T., TOKIMOTO T., TAMURA T., KAWASAKI N., TANADA S. Decolonization of Acidic Dye by Charcoal from Coffee Grounds, Journal of Health Science, 49, 6, 520, 2003.
• 54. HIRATA M., KAWASAKI N., NAKAMURA T., MATSUMOTO K., KABAYAMA M., TAMURA T., TANADA I. Adsorption of dyes onto carbonaceous materials produced from coffee grounds by microwave treatment, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 254, 17, 2002.
• 55. DURAL M.U., CAVAS L., PAPAGEORGIOU S.K., KATSAROS F.K. Methylene blue adsorption on activated carbon prepared from Posidonia oceanica (L.) dead leaves: kinetics and equilibrium studies. Chemical Engineering Journal. 168, 77, 2011.
• 56. PATIL P., SINGH S., YENKIE M. Preparation and Study of Properties of Activated Carbon Produced from Agricultural and Industrial Waste Shells. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 3 (12), 12, 2013.
• 57. RUBA A.F.A. Removal of Polyphenols from Olive Mill Wastewater using Activated Olive Stones, Thesis is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine, 2012.
• 58. VLYSSIDES A.G., LOIZIDOU M., GIMOUHOPOULOS K. AND ZORPAS A. Olive oil processing wastes production and their characteristics in relation to olive oil extraction methods, Fresenious Environmental Bulletin, 7, 308, 1998.
• 59. SALIM R., AL-SUBI M., ABU-SHQAIR I., BRAIK H. Removal of Zinc from Aqueous Solution by Dry Plant Leaves, Trans IChemE, 81 (Part B), 236, 2003.
• 60. YANG XIAOPING, CUI XIAONING Adsorption Characteristics of Pb(II) on Alkali Treated Tea Residue, Water Resources and industry, 3, 1, 2013.
• 61. SUNIL K.B., ARTI J. Removal of Copper (II) from Aqueous Solution Using Spent Tea Leaves (STL) as a Potential Sorbent, Water, 36 (3), 221, 2010.
• 62. SUNIL K.B., ARTI J. Sorptive Removal of Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solution Using Spent Tea Leaves: Part I Optimization of Sorption Conditions and Kinetics Studies, Acta Chem. Slov. 57, 751, 2010.
• 63. ZUORRO A., LAVECCHIA R., MEDICI F., PIGA L. Spent Tea Leaves as a Potential Low-cost Adsorbent for the Removal of Azo Dyes from Wastewater, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 32, 19, 2013.
• 64. [SUNIL K.B., ARTI J. Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies for Adsorption of Crystal Violet onto Spent Tea Leaves, Water, 4, 52, 2012.
• 65. HAMEED B.H. Spent Tea Leaves: A New Non–Conventional and Low-Cost Adsorbent for Removal of Basic Dye from Aqueous Solution, J. Hazard Mater. 161, 753, 2009.
• 66. SINGH D.K., TIWARI D., SAKSENA D. Removal of Lead from Aqueous Solutions by Chemically Treated Tea Leaves, Ind. J. Environ. Health, 35, 169, 1993.
• 67. SALIM R., AL-SUBU M., SAHRHAGE E. Uptake of Cadmium from Water by Beech Leaves, J. Environ. Sci. Health, A27, 603 , 1992.
• 68. SALIM R., ABU-EL-HALAWA R. Efficiency of Dry Plant Leaves (Mulch) for Removal of Lead, Cadmium and Copper from Aqueous Solutions, Trans IChemE, Part B, Proc Safe Env Prot, 80B: 270, 2002.
• 69. TAHIR H., SULTAN M., JAHANZEB Q. Remediation of Azo Dyes by Using Household Used Black Tea as an Adsorbent, African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (15), 3584, 2009.
• 70. SALIM R., AL-SUBU M., QASHOA S. Removal of Lead from Polluted Water Using Decaying Plant Leaves, J. Environ. Sci. Health, A29, 2087, 1994.
• 71. AL-SUBU M.M., SALIM R., BRAIK H., SWAILEHI K.M. Removal of Dissolved Copper from Polluted Water Using Plant Leaves: Effects of Copper Concentration, Plant Leaves, Competing ions and Other Factors, Rev. Int. Contam Ambient, 17, 123, 2001.
• 72. SAYRA O., SALIM R., SAYRA S. Removal of Cadmium from Polluted Water Using Decaying Leaves, J. Environ. Sci. Health, A34, 835, 1991.
• 73. SALIM R. Removal of Nickel (II) from Polluted Water Using Decaying Leaves, J Environ Sci Health, A23, 183-197 and 321-334, 1988.
• 74. ABDULLAH, M.M. AND PRASAD, A.G.D. Kinetic and equilibrium studies for biosorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by potato peel waste. Research India Publications, 1, 2,51-62, 2009.
• 75. WITEK-KROWIAK A., SZAFRAN R.G., MODELSKI S. Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution onto peanut shell as a low-cost biosorbent. Desalination, 265, 126, 2010.
• 76. SHEEN O.P. Utilization of Mango Leaf as Low-Cost Adsorbent for the Removal of Cu(II) Ion from Aqueous Solution, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons.) Chemistry May 2011, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, www.eprints.utar.edu.my/83/1/CE-0805723-2011.pdf, 2011.
• 77. SUTEU D., MALUTAN T. Industrial Cellolinnin wastes as adsorbent for removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions, Bioresources 8 (1), 427, 2013.
• 78. LIU Y., SUN X., LI B.U. Adsorption of Hg(II)and Cd(II) by ethylenediamine modified peanut shells. Carbohydrate Polymer, 81, 335, 2010.
• 79. BENAÏSSA H., ELOUCHDI M.A. Removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions by dried sunflower leaves. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 46, 614, 2006.
• 80. BINDRA S., HOMAGAI P.L., POKHREL M.R., GHIMIRE K.N., Exhausted Tea Leaves – a low cost bioadsorbent for the removal of Lead (II) and Zinc (II) ions from their aqueous solution, J. Nepal Chem. Soc., 30, 2012.
• 81. CUIZANO N.A., LLANOS B.P., NAVARRO A.E. Application of marine seaweeds as lead(II) biosorbents: analysis of the equilibrium state. Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú, 75 (1), 33, 2009.
• 82. FERRERO F.Dye removal by low cost adsorbents: hazelnut shells in comparison with wood sawdust. J. Hazard. Mater. 142, 144, 2007.
• 83. SATISH P., VAIJANTA D., SAMEER R., AND NASEEMS P. Kinetics of Adsorption of Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solution Using Different Natural Materials. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1 (6), ISSN 0976-4402, 2011.
• 84. MAHMOODI N.M., HAYATI B., ARAMI M., LAN C. Adsorption of textile dyes on Pine Cone from colored wastewater: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Desalination 268, 117, 2011.
• 85. VADIVELAN V., KUMAR K.V. Equilibrium, kinetics, mechanism, and process design for the sorption of methylene blue onto rice husk. J Colloid Interface Sci. 286, 90, 2005.
• 86. LAKSHMI U.R., SRIVASTAVA V.C., MALL I.D., LATAYE D.H. Rice husk ash as an effective adsorbent: Evaluation of adsorptive characteristics for Indigo Carmine dye. J Environ Manage 90, 710, 2009.
• 87. LIANG S., GUO X., FENG N., TIAN Q. Application of orange peel xanthate for the adsorption of Pb²⁺ from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170, 425, 2009.
• 88. IHSAN HABIB DAKHIL Adsorption of Chromium (Vi) from Aqueous Solutions using Low Cost Adsorbent: Equilibrium and Regeneration Studies, Journal of Engineering, 19, 11, 2013.
• 89. BENAISSA H. Effect of temperature on methylene blue sorption from aqueous solutions by almond peel: experimental studies and modeling, Thirteenth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC 13, Hurghada, Egypt, 377, 2009.
• 90. MALKOC E., NUHOGLU Y. Investigations of Nickel (II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Tea Factory Waste, J. Hazardous Materials, B127, 120, 2005.
• 91. HAMEED, B. H., MAHMOUD, D. K., AHMAD, A.L. Equilibrium modeling and kinetic studies on the adsorption of basic dye by a low-cost adsorbent: Coconut (Cocos nucifera) bunch waste, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 158, 65, 2008.
• 92. ABUL HOSSAIN M., RAHMAN M.D.A. Removal of Basic Violet 10 from Neutral Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on used black tea leaves, International Journal of Chemistry, 2, 83, 2013.
• 93. ABUL HOSSAIN M., HOSSAIN M.D.L. Kinetic study of Malachite Green adsorption on used black tea leaves from aqueous solution, International Journal of Advanced Research, 2, 4, 2014, 360-374, 2014.
• 94. JAIN S., JAYARAM R.V. Removal of basic dyes from aqueous solution by low-cost adsorbent: Wood apple shell (Feronia acidissima), Desalination 250, 921, 2010.
• 95. HAMEED B.H., KHAIARY M.I.E. Sorption kinetics and isotherm studies of a cationic dye using agricultural waste: Broad bean peels, J. Hazard. Mater. 154, 639, 2008.
• 96. DJELLOUL C., HAMDAOUI O. Dynamic adsorption of methylene blue by melon peel in fixed-bed columns, Desalination and Water Treatment, doi: 10.1080/19443994.2014.963158, 2014.
• 97. BABAKHOUYA N., BOUGHRARA S., ABAD F. Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Cd(II) Ions Sorption on Mixed Sorbents Prepared from Olive Stones and Date Pit from Aqueous Solution, American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 6 (5), 470, 2010.
• 98. AYHAN DEMIRBAS. Agricultural Based Activated Carbons for the Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solutions: A Review, J. Hazad. Mater, doi: 10.1016/j.hazmat.12.114, 2009.
• 99. HANAN E. OSMAN, REHAN K. BADWY, HANAN F. AHMED. Usage of Some Agricultural By-Products in the Removal of Some Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater, J. Phyt., 2 (3), 51, 2010.
• 100. COELHO T.C., LAUS R., MANGRICH A.S., DE FAVER V.T., LARANJEIRA M.C.M. Effect of Heparin Coating on Epichlorohydrin Cross-Linked Chitosan Microspheres on the Adsorption of Copper (II) Ions. React Funct Polym, 67, 468, 2007.
• 101. DAVID N., HORN S. Chemical Modifications of Lignocellulosic Materials, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 97, 1995.
• 102. GARCIA-VALLS R., HATTON T.A. Metal Ion Complexation with Lignin Derivatives, Chem. Eng. J., 94, 99, 2003.
• 103. LASZLO J.A., DINTZIS F.R. Crop Residues as Ion Exchange Materials. Treatment of Soybean Hull and Sugar beet Fiber (Pulp) with Epichlorohydrin to Improve Cation Exchange Capacity and Physical Stability. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 52, 521, 1994.
• 104. RAZMOVSKI R., SCIBAN M. Biosorption of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) by Waste Tea Fungal Biomass. Ecol. Eng. 34 (2), 179, 2008.
• 105. WAN X., LI D., ZHANG Z. Green Tea and Black Tea. In: Tea and Tea Products: Chemistry and Health-Promoting Properties, Ho, C.T., J.K.Lin and F. Shahidi (Eds.).CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., ISBN: 9780849380822, 1, 2008.
• 106. HARLER C.R. Tea Manufacture. Oxford University Press, New York., 108, 1963.
• 107. TAN W.T. Copper(II) Adsorption by Waste Tea Leaves and Coffee Powder, Pertanika, 8 (2), 223, 1985.
• 108. ORHAN Y., BUEKGUENGOER H. The Removal of Heavy Metals Using Agricultural- Wastes, Wat. Sci. Technol., 28 (2), 247, 1992.
• 109. ATTIA H.G. A comparison between cooking tea-waste and commercial activated carbon for removal of chromium from artificial wastewater. Journal of Engineering and Development, 16 (1), ISSN 1813-7822, 2012.
• 110. HOSSAIN M.A., MIKIO K., YOSHIMASA M., SHIGERU M. Kinetics of Cr(VI) Adsorption on Used Black Tea Leaves, J. Chem. Eng, Jpn. 38 (6), 402, 2005.
• 111. ZUORRO A., LAVECCHIA R. Adsorption of Pb(II) on Spent Leaves of Green and Black Tea. American Journal of Applied Sciences 7 (2), 153, 2010.
• 112. RAMESH S.T., GANDHIMATHI R., ELAVARASI T.E., ISAI T.R., SOWMYA K., NIDHEESH P.V. Comparison of Methlene Blue Adsorption from Aqueous Solution using Spent Tea Dust and Raw Coir pith. Global Nest Journal, 16 (1), 146, 2014.
• 113. ABUL HOSSAIN M., HOSSAIN M.D.L. Kinetic study of Malachite Green adsorption on used black tea leaves from aqueous solution. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2 (4), 360, 2014.
• 114. JOODI A.S., ABBAS M.N. Profiting from Cooked Tea Leaves Waste in Eco-Friendly Method, Advances in Research, 2 (3), 179, 2014.
• 115. MALKOC E., NUHOGLU Y. Fixed bed studies for the sorption of chromium(VI) onto tea factory waste. Chemical Engineering Science, 61, 4363, 2006.
• 116. RAJESWARI M., PUSHPA A. Continuous Biosorption Of Arsenic By Moringa Olefera In a Packed Column, International Journal of ChemTech Research, 6, 7, 3603, 2014.
• 117. KULKARNI S.J., KAWARE J.P. Analysis of Packed Bed Adsorption Column with Low Cost Adsorbent for Cadmium Removal”, Int. J. of Thermal & Environmental Engineering. 9 (1) 17, 2015.
• 118. KUMAR U., ACHARYA J. Fixed Bed Column Study for the Removal of Copper from Aquatic Environment by NCRH. Global Journal of Researches in Engineering Chemical Engineering. 12, 3, 2012.
• 119. KUMAR U., ACHARYA J. Fixed Bed Column Study for the Removal of Lead from Aquatic Environment by NCRH, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2 (1), 9, 2013.
• 120. KUMAR U. Fixed Bed Column Study for the Removal of Zn(II) from Aquatic Waste by Sodium Carbonate Treated Rice Husk. Asian Journal of Water Environment and Pollution, 5 (2), 103, 2007.
• 121. GEORGE Z. KYZAS. Commercial coffee wastes as materials for adsorption of Heavy metals from aqueous solutions, Materials, 5, 1826, 2012.
• 122. FRANCA A.S., OLIVEIRA L.S., NUNES A.A. Malachite Green Adsorption by a Residue-based Microwave-activated Adsorbent, Clean – Soil, Air, Water, 38 (9), 843, 2010.
• 123. UPENDRA K., MANAS B. Fixed Bed Column Study for Cd(II) Removal from Wastewater Treated Rice Husk. J. Hazard Mater. B129, 253, 2006.
• 124. LOW K.S., LEE C.K. Cadmium Uptake by the Moss, Calympress Delesserti Besch. Biosource Technol, J. 38, 1, 1991.
• 125. CHEKNANE B., BADU M., BASLY J.P., BOURAS O., ZERMANE F. Modeling of Basic Green 4 Dynamic Sorption onto Granular Organo-Inorgano Pillared Clays (GOICs) in Column Reactor, Chem Eng. J., 209, 7, 2012.
• 126. UDDIN T., RUKANUZZAMAN M., KHAN R., ISLAM A. Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Jackfruit (Artocarpus heteropyllus) Leaf Powder: A Fixed-Bed Column Study. J. Environ. Mang, 90, 3443, 2009.
• 127. AKAR S.T., GORGULU A., AKAR T., CELIK S. Decolorization of reactive blue 49 contaminated solution by Capsicum annuum seeds: batch and continuous mode biosorption applications. Chem Eng J, 168, 125, 2011.
• 128. ZAYNAB ALY, VITTORIO LUCA. Uranium extraction from aqueous solution using dried and pyrolyzed tea and coffee wastes, J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 295, 889, 2013.
• 129. SATISH M. MANOCHA Porous Carbons, Sadhana, 28 (Part 1 & 2), 335, February/April 2003.
• 130. BANSAL R.C. Active carbon (New York: Dekker), 1988.
• 131. MOHAMED E.F. Removal of organic compounds from water by adsorption and photo-catalytic oxidation”, Thesis is Submitted for the Degree of Doctoral, Institute National Polytechnique Toulouse: http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00001569/01/mohamed.pdf, 2011.
• 132. MONSER L., ADHOUM N. Modified Activated Carbon for the Removal of Cu(II), Z(II), Cr, and Cyanide from Wastewater, Sep. Purif Technol, 26, 137, 2002.
• 133. NOMANBHAY S.M., PALANISAMY K., Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Using Chitosan Coated Oil Palm Shell Charcoal, Electron J. Biotecnol., 8 (1), 2005, http://www.ejbiotnology.info/content/vol8/issue.full.7.bip/index.html
• 134. AMIT BHATNAGAR, MINOCHA a.k. Conventional and non-Conventional Adsorbents for Removal of Pollutants from Water – A Review, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 13, 203, 2006.
• 135. IVO O., DENNIS B., HANS-GÜNTER R. Hydrothermal carbonization of agricultural residues, Bioresource Technology, 142, 138, 2013.
• 136. TITIRICI M.-M., THOMAS A., ANTONIETTI M. Back in the black: hydrothermal carbonization of plant material as an efficient chemical process to treat the CO₂ problem? New J. Chem. 31, 787, 2007.
• 137. SABOUNI R., KAZEMIAN H., ROHANI S. A novel combined manufacturing technique for rapid production of IRMOF-1 using ultrasound and microweave energies, Chem. Eng. J. 165, 966, 2010.
• 138. NJOKU V.O., FOO K.Y., HAMEED B.H. Microeave-assisted preparation of pumpkin seed hull activated carbon and its application for the adsorptive removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Chemical Engineering Journal, (215-216), 383, 2013.
• 139. MERZOUGUI Z., ADDOUN F. Effect of Oxidant Treatment of Date Pit Activated Carbons Application to the Treatment of Waters, Desalination, 222, 394, 2008.
• 140. BOONPOKE A., CHIARAKORN S., LAOSIRIPOJANA N., TOWPRAYOON S., AND CHIDTHAISONG A. Synthesis of Activated carbon and MCM-41 from Bagasse and Rice Husk and their carbon dioxide Adsorption Capacity, Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment, 2, 77, 2011.
• 141. VIBOON S., CHIRAVOOT P., DUANGDAO A., DUANGDUEN A. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from the pyrolysis of physic Nut(Jatropha curcas L.) waste. Presented at the international conference on Bioenergy Outlook, 2007.
• 142. Gurten I.I., Ozmak M., Yagmur E., Aktas Z. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from waste tea using K₂CO₃, Biomass and Bioenergy, 37, 73, 2012.
• 143. RASHIDI N.A., YUSUP S., LOONG L.H. Kinetic Studies on Carbon Dioxide Capture using Activated Carbon, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 35, 2013.
• 144. BENADJEMIA M., MILLIERE L., REINERT L., BENDERDOUCHE N., DUCLAUX L. Preparation, characterization and Methylene Blue adsorption of phosphoric acid activated carbons from globe artichoke leaves. Fuel Processing Technology, 92, 1203, 2011.
• 145. TIMUR S., KANTARLI I.C., ONENC S., YANIK J. Characterization and application of activated carbon produced from oak cups pulp, J. Anal Appl. Pyrol, 89, 129, 2010.
• 146. TSAI W.T., CHANG C.Y., WANG S.Y., CHANG C. F., CHIEN S.F., SUN H.F. Cleaner production of carbon adsorbents by utilizing agricultural waste corn cob. Res Conserv Rec, 32, 43, 2001.
• 147. GONZALEZ J.F., ROMANS., ENCINARJM., MARTINEZG. Pyrolysis of various biomass residues and char utilization for the production of activated carbons. J. Anal Appl. Pyrol; 85, 134, 2009.
• 148. FOO K.Y., LEE L.K., HAMEED B.H. Preparation of activated carbon by microwave assisted activation for the remediation of semi-aerobic landfill leachate, Bioresource Technology, 134, 166, 2013.
• 149. FOO K.Y., LEE L.K., HAMEED B.H. Preparation of banana frond activated carbon by microwave induced activation for the removal of boron and total iron from landfill leachate, Chemical Engineering Journal, 223, 604, 2013.
• 150. ALEXANDRO M.M. VARGAS, ANDRE L. CAZETTA, MARCOS H. KUNUTA, TAIS L. SILVA, VITRO C. ALMEUDA. Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Activated Carbon Produced from Flamboyant Pods (Delonix regia): A Study of adsorption Isotherm and Kinetic Models, Chem Eng. J., 168, 722, 2011.
• 151. GAO J., QIN Y., ZHOU T., CAO D., XU P., HOCHSTETTER D., WANG Y. Adsorption of methylene blue onto activated carbon produced from tea( Camellia sinensis L.) seed shells: kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies. J. Zhejiang Univ-Sci B (Biomed & Biotechnol), 14 (7), 650, 2013.
• 152. RUFFORD T.E., HULICOVA-JURCAKOVA D., ZHU Z., LU G.Q. empirical analysis of the contribution of mesopores and micropores to the double-layer capacitance of carbon, J. Phys. Chem. C113, 19343, 2009.
• 153. GIRGIS B.S., SMITH E., LOUIS M.M., EL-HENDAWY A.N.A. Pilot production of activated carbon from cotton stalks using H₃PO₄, I. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 86, 180, 2009.
• 154. CHANDRA P.D., SAHU J.N., MOHANY C.R., MOHAN B. RAJ, MEIKAP B.C. Column Performance of Granular Activated Carbon Packed Bed for Pb (II) Removal. J. Hazard. Mat., 156, 596, 2008.
• 155. DEMIRBAS E., DIZGE N., SULAK M.T. AND KOBYA M. Adsorption Kinetics and Equilibrium of Copper from Aqueous Solutions Using Hazelnut Shell Activated Carbon, Chem. Eng. J., 148, 480, 2009.
• 156. YADAV N., MAHESWARAN S., SHUTTHANANDAN V., THEVUTHASAN S., NGO H.H., VIGNESWARAN S. Sample Preparation Techniques in Trace Element Analysis of adsorbents, 10th International Conference on Practical Induced X-Ray Emission and its Analytical Applications. PIXE Protozoa, Slovania, June 4-8, 2004.
• 157. http://www.sushrutchemicals.com/activatedCarbon.html
• 158. LOTFY H.R., MISIHAIRABGWI J., MUTWA M.M. The preparation of activated carbon from agroforestry waste for wastewater treatment, African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 6 (11), 149, DOI: 10.5897/ AJPAC12.019, 2012.
• 159. REYAD A.S., DAVID A.R., RON K.B. Copper and strontium adsorption by a novel carbon material manufactured from pecan shells, Carbon 40, 781, 2002.
• 160. CHEREMISINOFF P.N., ELLERBUSCH F. Carbon Adsorption Handbook, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan. (Eds.), 1980.
• 161. Yang R.T. ADSORBENTS:FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS, John Wiley & Sons Inc, USA, 2003.
• 162. HASSLER JOHN W. Purification with Activated Carbon: Industrial, Commercial and Environmental, Chemical Publishing Company Inc., New York, N.Y, 1974.
• 163. GONZALES M.T., RODRIGUEZ-REINOSO F., GARCIA A.N., MARCILLA A. CO₂ Activation of Carbonized under Different Experimental Conditions, Carbon, 35, 159, 1997.
• 164. SMISEK M., CERNY S. Active Carbon Manufacture, Properties and Application, Elsevier, Amesterdam, Netherland. 1970.
• 165. KUNQUAN L., XIAOHUA W. Adsorption Removal of Pb(II) by Activated Carbon Preparaed from Spartina alternifora: Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamics, Bioresource Technol. J., 100, 2810, 2009.
• 166. HOURIEH M.A., ALAYA m.n., YOUSSEF A.M. Carbon dioxide adsorption and decolorizing power of ACs prepared from pistachio shells, Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 15, 419, 1997.
• 167. PATIL B.S., KULKARNI K.S. Development of high surface area activated carbon from waste material, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, IJAERS/Vol. I/ Issue II/January-March, 109-113, 2012.
• 168. FOO P.Y.L., LEE L.Y. Preparation of Activated Carbon from Parkia Speciosa Pod by Chemical Activation, In: Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering & Computer Science, II, WCECS 2010, October 20-22, San Francisco, 2010.
• 169. MATSON J.S., MARK H.B. Activated Carbon: Surface Chemistry and Adsorption from Solution; Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. 1971.
• 170. BANSAL R.C., DONNET J.B., STOECKLI F. Active carbon. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1988.
• 171. EUROCARB. available at http://www.eurocarb.com, accessed in Feb 2013, 2011.
• 172. SUZAN SHARIFAN Activated Carbon Production from Hazelnut Shells by Thermal and Microwave Heating Methods, A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, 2013.
• 173. CHINGOMBE P., SAHA B., WAKEMAN R.J. Surface modification and characterization of a coal-based activated carbon, Carbon 43, 3132, 2005.
• 174. AZNAR J.S. Characterization of activated carbon produced from coffee residues by chemical and physical activation, Master Thesis in Chemical Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, March. 2011.
• 175. GEORGE Z. K AND MARGARITIS K., Green Adsorbents for Wastewaters: A Critical Review, Materials, 7, 333, doi:10.3390/ma7010333., 2014.
• 176. BRANDT R., HUGHES M., BOURGET L., TRUSZKOWSKA K., GREENLER R. The interpretation of Co Adsorbed on Pt/Sio2 of Two Different Particle-Size Distributions. Surface Science, 286 (1-2), 15, 1993.
• 177. TCHOBANOLOUS G., BURTON F.L., STENSL H.D. Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Tata McGraw-Hill publishing Company Limited, New Delhi. 2003.
• 178. CHUN Y. YIN, MOHD K. AROUA, WAN M.A.W. DAUD. Review of Modification of Activated Carbon for Enhancing Contaminant Uptakes from Aqueous Solutions, Seperation and Purification Technology, 52, 403, 2007.
• 179. KIKUCHI Y., QIAN Q.R., MACHIDA M., TATSUMOTO H. Effect of ZnO loading to activated carbon on Pb(II) adsorption from aqueous solution, Carbon; 44, 195, 2006.
• 180. BARTON S.S., EVANS M.J.B., HALLIOP E., Macdonald J.A.F. Acidic and basic sites on the surface of porous carbon, Carbon 35 (9), 1361, 1997.
• 181. SINGH S., MA L., HARRIS W. Heavy Metal Interaction with Phosphoric Clay: Sorption and Desrtion Behavior, J. Environ. Qual. 30, 1961, 2001.
• 182. CHANTAWONG V., HARVEY N.W., BASHKIN V.N. Comparison of Heavy Metal Adsorption by Thai Kaoline Ballclay. Water Air Soil Pollut. J., 148, 111, 2003.
• 183. WILLIAM D.B. Heavy Metal Adsorbents for Storm Water Pollution Prevention, Ph D. Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Pennsylvania State Univ. Under the National Shipbulding Research Program., 1997.
• 184. OMRI A., BENZINA M. Removal of manganese(II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption on activated carbon derived a new precursor: Ziziphus spina-christi seeds, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 51, 343, 2012.
• 185. SHAREEF K.M. Sorbents for contaminates uptake from aqueous solutions. Part I: Heavy metals. World journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5 (S), 819, 2009.
• 186. EL QADA E.N., ALLEN S.J., WALKER G.M. Adsorption of methylene blue onto activated carbon produced from steam activated bituminous coal: a study of equilibrium adsorption isotherm, Chem. Eng. J. 124, 103, 2006.
• 187. HAIRUL N.A., KELLY L.K.M. Adsorption of Basic Red 46 by Granular Activated Carbon in a Fixed Bed Column, International Conference on Environment and Industrial Innovation, IPCBEE, 21, Singapore, 2011.
• 188. HASAN S.H., RANJANA D., TALAT M. Agro-industrial Waste Wheat Bran for the Bio-sorptive Remediation of Selenium Through Continuous up-flow Fixed Bed Column. J. Hazard Mater, 181, 1134, 2010.
• 189. ALVAREZ S., SOTELO J.L., OVEJERO G., RODRIGUES A., GARCIA J. Low Cost Adsorbent for Emerging Contaminant Removal in Fixed-Bed Columns, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 32, 61, 2013.
• 190. MUHAMMAD A., MISBAHUL A.K., UMAR F., MAKSHOOF A. Chabonized Green Tea Dredge, a Potential Adsorbent for Removal of Remazol Brilliant Yelow Dye, J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 3 (1), 149, 2013.
• 191. VOLESKY B. Sorption and Biosorption BV Sorbex, Inc., Montreal., 2004.
• 192. LEE S.M., DAVIS A. P. Removal of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from Aqueous solution by Seafood Processing Waste Sludge. Water Res., 35 (2), 534. 2001.
• 193. SECO A., GABALDON C., AND MARZAL P. Effect of pH, Cation Concentration and Adsorbent Concentration on Cadmium and Copper Removal by Granular Activated Carbon, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 74, 911, 1999.
• 194. KUMAR P., DARA S.S. Modified Barks for Scavenging Toxic Metal Ions, Indian J. Environ. Health, 22, 196, 1980
• 195. GIAKWAD R.W. Removal of Cd(II) from Aqueous Solution By Activated Carbon Derived From Cocount Shell, Agric. Food Chem., 1579, 2004.
• 196. SCIBAN M., KALASNJA M., AND SKRBIC B. Modified Softwwod Sawdust as Adsorbent of Heavy Metal Ions from Water, J. Hazard. Matter, 136, 2, 266, 2006.
• 197. KADIRVELU K., NAMASIVAYAN C. Activated Carbon from Coconut Coirpith as Metal Adsorbent: Adsorption of Cd(II) from Aqueous Solution, Advanced in Environmental Research, 7, 471, 2003.
• 198. RAMMEL R.S., ZATITI S.A., EL JAMAL M.M. Biosorption of crystal violet by chaetophora elegans alga. Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 46, 3, 283, 2011.
• 199. BHARATHI K.S., RAMESH S.P. Equilibrium, Thermodynamics and Kinetics Studies on Adsorption of a Basic Dye by Citrulus Lanatus Rind. Iranica J. Energ. Environ., 3 (1), 23, 2012.
• 200. CENGIZ S., CAVAS L. A Promising Evaluation Method for Dead Leaves of Poidonia Oceanic (L.) in the Adsorption of Methyl Violet, Mar. Biotechnol. DOI 10.11007/s/10126-010-9260-8., 2010.
• 201. Awala H., Jamal M.M. Equilibrium and Kinetics Study of Adsorption of Some Dyes onto Feldspar, J. Univ. Chem. Technol. Met., (Sofia) 44, 157, 2010.
• 202. MALIK P.K. Use of activated carbons prepared from sawdust and rice husk for adsorption of acid dyes: a case study of Acid Yellow 36, Dyes and Pigments, 56, 239, 2003.
• 203. SIVAKUMAR P., PALANISAMY P.N. Packed bed column syudies for the removal of Acid blue92 and Basic red 29 using non-conventional adsorbent, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 16, 301, 2009.
• 204. KO D.C.K., PORTER J.F., MCKAY G. Optimized Correlations for the Fixed-Bed Adsorption of Metal Ions on Bone Char. Chem. Eng. Sci., 55, 5819, 2000.
• 205. TATY-COSTODES, V., FAUDUET, H., PORTE, C., AND HO, S. Removal of Lead (II) Ions from Synthetic and Real Effluents Using Immobilized Pinus Svlvestris Sawdust: Adsorption on a Fixed Column. J. Hazard Mater., 123, 135, 2005.
• 206. GOEL J., KADIRVELU K., RAJAGOPAL C., GARG V.K. Removal of Lead (II) by adsorption using treated granular activated carbon: batch and column studies, J Hazard Mater, 125, 211, 2005.
• 207. SULAYMAN A.H., THAMER J.M., AL-NAJAR J. Equilibrium and Kinetics Studies of Adsorption of Heavy Metals onto Activated Carbon. Canadian J. Chem. Engin. Technol, 3 (4), 86, 2012.
• 208. GUPTA S., BABU B.V. Modeling, simulation, and experimental validation for continuous Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions using sawdust as an adsorbent. Biores. Technol. 100 (23), 5633, 2009.
• 209. HAMDAOUI O. Removal of Rodamine B from Aqueous Solutions by Tea Wastes. J Hazard. Mater., 135, 264, 2006.
• 210. FOO K.Y., HAMEED B.H. Dynamic adsorption behavior of methylene blue onto oil palm shell granular activated carbon prepared by microwave heating. Chem Eng J, 203, 81, 2012.
• 211. SNOEYINK V.L., SUMMERS R.S. Adsorption of Organic Compounds: Water Quality and Treatment. Chapter 13, McGraw- Hill, New York, 1999.
• 212. (ACE): Army Corps of Engineers: «Engineering Design: Adsorption Design Guide». [Internet], Department of the Army, USA, DG1110- 1-2, 2001. Available at: http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/ARMYCOE/COEDG/dg_1110_1_2.pdf
• 213. VIJAYARAGHAVAN K., JEGAN L., PALANIVELU K., VELAN M. Removal of Nickle (II) ions from Aqueous Solution Using Crab Shell Particles in a Packed Bed upFlow Column. J. Hazard. Mater, 113, 223, 2004.
• 214. EL-WAKIL A.M., ABOU EL-MAATY W.M., AWAD FS. Removal of Lead from Aqueous Solution on Activated Carbon and Modified Activated Carbon Prepared from Dried Water Hyacinth Plant. J Anal Bioanal Tech, 5 (2) 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000187,
• 215. DWIVEDI C.P., SAHU J.N., MOHANTY C.R., RAJPHAN B., MEIKAP B.C. Column performance of granular activated carbon packed bed for Pb (II) removal, J. Hazardous Materials, 156, 596, 2008.
• 216. NADEEM M., SHABBIR M., ABDULLAH A., SHAH S., MCKAY G. Sorption of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution by Surfactant-Modified Carbon Adsorbents. Chem. Engi. J. 148, 365, 2009.
• 217. SAAD S.A., ISA K.M.D., BAHARI R. Chemically modified sugarcane bagasse as a potentially low-cost biosorbent for dye removal. Desalination, 264, 123, 2010.
• 218. SHAOBIN W., BOYJOO Y., CHOUEIB A., ZHU Z.H. Removal of dyes from aqueous solution using fly ash and red mud, Water Resource, 39, 129, 2005.
• 219. THAJEEL A.S., RAHEEM A.Z., AL-FAIZE M.M. Production of activated carbon from local raw materials using physical and chemical preparation methods, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 5 (4), 251, 2013.
• 220. HESAS R.H., ARAMI-NIYA A., WAN MOHD A.W. D., SAHU J.N. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from apple waste by Microwave-assisted phosphoric acid activation : application in methylene blue adsorption, Bio Resources. 8 (2), 2959, 2013.
• 221. US EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Choosing an Adsorption System for VOC: Carbon, Zeolite, or Polymers. Clean Air Technology Center, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Technical Bulletin, Clean Air Technology Center-USEPA. May. 1999.
• 222. RUTHVEN D.M. Principles of Adsorption and Adsorption Process, Wiley, New York., 1984.
• 223. THOMAS A.H., NIVETA J., JOSHI H.C., PRASAD S. Agricultural and Agro-Processing Wastes as Low Cost Adsorbents for Metal Removal from Wastewater: A Review, J. Scie. Ind. Rese., 67, 647, 2008.
• 224. BANSODE R.R., LOSSO J.N., MARSHALL W.E., RAO R.M. Adsorption of Metal Ions by Becan Shell-Based Granular Activated Carbons, L. Biores. Technol, 89, 115, 2003.
• 225. ANIRUDHAN T., RADHAKIRSHNAN P. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Adsorption of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solutions onto a New Cation Exchanger Derived from Tamirand Fruit Shell, J. Chem. Thermo., 40, 702, 2008.
• 226. SRIVASTAVA S.K., SINGH A.K., SHARMA A. Studies on the Uptake of Lead and Zinc by Lignin Obtained from black Liquor- A paper Industry Waste Material, Environ. Technol, 15 (4), 353, 1994.
• 227. MADHAVA M.R.., REDDY D.H.K.K., VENKATESWARLU P., SESHIAH K. Removal of Mercury from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbon from Agricultural by Product/Waste. J. Environ. Manag. 90, 634, 2009.
• 228. KADIRVELU K.., THAMARAISELVI K., NAMASIVAYAM C. Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Agricultural Solid Waste. Bioresource Technology Journal, 76, 63, 2001.
• 229. GHARAIBEH S.H., ABU-EL-SHAR W.Y., AL-KOFAHI M.M. Removal of Selected Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions Using Processed Solid Residue of Olive Mill Products, Wat. Res. J., 32 (2), 498, 1998.
• 230. AUTA M., HAMEED B.H. Preparation of waste tea activated carbon using potassium acetate as an activating agent for adsorption of Acid Blue 25 dye, Chemical Engineering Journal, 171, 502, 2011.
• 231. GURTEN I.I., OZMAK M., YAGMUR E., AKTAS Z. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from waste tea using K₂CO₃. Biomass and Bioenergy, 37, 73, 2012.
• 232. AUTA M. Optimization of tea waste activated carbon preparation parameters for removal of Cibacron Yellow dye from textile waste waters, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies. I, 50, 2012.
• 233. AKAR E.., ALTINISIK A., SEKI Y. Using of activated carbon produced from spent tea leaves for the removal of malachite green from aqueous solution. Ecological Engineering, 52, 19, 2013.
• 234. ÖZSİN G.., PÜTÜN E., KILIÇ M., PÜTÜN A. Production of Microwave Induced Activated Carbon and Its Application to Remove Phenol from Aqueous Solutions. Digital Proceeding of The ICOEST’, Cappadocia C.Ozdemir, S. Şahinkaya, E. Kalıpcı, M.K. Oden (editors) Nevsehir, Turkey, June 18-21, 2013.
• 235. JAHIN H. S. Adsorption of Methyl Red from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Coffee Residue, International Journal of Environment 3 (2), 126, 2014.
• 236. SEKIRIFA M.L., CHERRAYE R., HADJ-MAHAMMED M., CHENINE M., BAAMEUR L., AL-DUJAILI H.A. Chemical activation of an Activated carbon Prepared from coffee residue, Energy Procedia, 50, 393,. 2014.
• 237. ABDEL RAHIM M.A., ISMAIL M.M., ABDEL MAGEED A.M. Production of activated carbon and precipitated white nanosilica from rice husk ash”, International Journal of Advanced Research, 3 (2), 491, 2015.
• 238. HARIPRASAD P., RAJESHWARI S., Cu A. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from rice husk”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3, 4., 2016.
• 239. GÜRSES A., DOĞAR C., KARACA S., AÇIKYILDIZ M., BAYRAK R. Production of granular activated carbon from waste Rosa canina sp. seeds and its adsorption characteristics for dye, J. Hazard. Mater, B131, 254, 2006.
• 240. CALVETE T., EDER C.L., NATALI F.C., SILVIO L.P. D., FLAVIO A.P. Application of carbon adsorbents prepared from the Brazilian pine-fruit-shell for the removal of Procion Red MX 3B from aqueous solution-kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies, Chem. Eng. J. 155, 627, 2009.
• 241. AKPEN G.D., NWAOGAZIE I.L., LETON T.G. Optimum conditions for the removal of colour from waste water by mango seed shell based activated carbon, Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 4 (8), 890, 2011.
• 242. SAID N., AMALINA R., MAZZA S.A.A., SYAFIQAH A.K., HAJAR A.M.S. Rock Melon Activated Carbon (RMAC) for Removal of Cd(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) from Wastewater: Kinetics and Adsorption Equilibrium, International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 6 (2), 105, 2015.
• 243. MUTHANNA J.A., SAMAR K.T., ABDUL-HALIM A.K.M. Adsorption of Phenol And P-Nitro Phenol onto Date Stones: Equilibrium Isotherms, Kineticsand Thermodynamics Studies, Journal of Engineering, 18 (6), 743, 2012.
• 244. ACKACHA M.A., ELMAHDY S.A. Utilization of new activated carbon derived from date stones to reduce of Lead and Cadmium ions from aqueous solutions. 2nd International conference on environmental Science and Technology. IPCBEE., 2011.
• 245. NAJAR-SOUISSI S., OUEDERNI A., RATEL A. Adsorption of Dyes onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Olive Stones. Journal of Environmental Science, 17 (6), 998, 2005.
• 246. WAHBY A., ABDELOUAHAB-REDDAM Z., EL MAIL R., STITOU M., SILVESTRE-ALBERO J., SEPÚLVEDAESCRIBANO A., RODRÍGUEZ-REINOSO F. Mercury removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on activated carbons prepared from olive stones. Adsorption, 17, 603, 2011.
• 247. PATNUKAO P., KONGSUWAN A., PAVASANT P. Batch studies of adsorption of copper and lead on activated carbon from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Bark. Journal of Environmental Sciences 20, 1028, 2008.
• 248. OMRI ABDESSALEM, BENZINA MOURAD Removal of manganese(II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption on activated carbon derived a new precursor: Ziziphus spina-christi seeds. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 51, 343, 2012.
• 249. SAYAN E. Ultrasound-assisted preparation of activated carbon from alkaline impregnated hazelnut shell: An optimization study on removal of Cu²⁺ from aqueous solution. Chem. Eng. J. 115, 213, 2006.
• 250. MADHAVA M. RAO, RAMESH A., RAO G.P.C., SESHAIAH K. Removal of copper and cadmium from the aqueous solutions by activated carbon derived from Ceiba pentandra hulls, Journal of Hazardous Materials B129, 123, 2006.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.15244/pjoes/66769