Risk factors, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and self-reported symptoms of pesticide intoxication among farmers in Thailand: a cross-sectional study

• Autorzy: Sombatsawat E. , Siriwong W. , Puangthongthub S.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Background. Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides are widely used, and their adverse health effects remain a serious problem. Objectives. This investigation aimed to describe risk factors, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, and self-reported symptoms and to derive an association between influence factors and erythrocyte AChE inhibition among farmers in Thailand. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 71 farmers from August to October 2022. General characteristics and pesticide exposure factors were elicited via a questionnaire-based interview. The erythrocyte AChE inhibition was assessed using the EQM Test-mate Cholinesterase (Model 400) instrument. Data were presented descriptively and analyzed statistically using Chi-square and binary logistic regression. Results. Most farmers were over 50 years old and had an abnormal body mass index (BMI) without alcohol consumption and smoking. Aprons (18.31%) and protective eyewear (12.68%) as personal protective equipment (PPE) were found to be used less often. The level of hemoglobin-adjusted erythrocyte AChE (Q) was considered normal when it was 59.15% and abnormal when it was 40.85%. Self-reported symptoms were confirmed to be associated with lower erythrocyte AChE levels. The Chi-square analysis showed that shortness of breath, irritation, headache, dizziness, sleep fragmentation, and memory problems were significantly associated with erythrocyte AChE (p < 0.05). The bivariate analysis revealed that farmers who consumed alcohol while using pesticides (mixing, loading, and spraying) (OR=35.821, 95% CI=4.591– 279.490), who did not wear a mask while using pesticides (OR=11.898, 95% CI=1.061–133.440), and who did not wear boots while using pesticides (OR=0.166, 95% CI=0.031–0.890) had an increased likelihood of having a severe inhibition of erythrocyte AChE. Conclusions. These findings suggest that the promotion of risk prevention practices must be imposed on appropriate pesticide handling and PPE use among farmers.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
• Rocznik: 2023
• Tom: 74
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.113-120,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Sombatsawat E.

• Industrial Toxicology and Risk Assessment Graduate Program, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

autor

Siriwong W.

• College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

autor

Puangthongthub S.

• Industrial Toxicology and Risk Assessment Graduate Program, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

Bibliografia

• 1. Eddelston M., Buckley N.A., Eyer P., Dawson A.H.: Management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Lancet 2008;371(9612):597–607, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61202-1.
• 2. Sharma A., Kumar V., Shahzad B., Tanveer M., Sidhu G.P.S., Handa N., Kohli S.K., Yadav P., Bali A.S., Parihar R.D.: Worldwide pesticide usage and its impacts on ecosystem. SN Appl Sci 2019;1:1446, doi:10.1007/s42452-019-1485-1.
• 3. Gunnell D., Eddleston M.: Suicide by intentional ingestion of pesticides: a continuing tragedy in developing countries. Int J Epidemiol 2003;32(6):902–909, doi:10.1093/ije/dyg307.
• 4. Kapeleka J.A., Sauli E., Sadik O., Ndakidemi P.A.: Biomonitoring of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity among smallholder horticultural farmers occupationally exposed to mixtures of pesticides in Tanzania. J Environ Public Health 2019;2019(3084501):11,doi:10.1155/2019/3084501.
• 5. Rao G.V., Jyothsna M.: Serum cholinesterase levels in organophosphorus poisoning patients on ventilatory support. Indian J Clin Anaesth 2016;3(1):52–55, doi:10.5958/2394-4994.2016.00012.3.
• 6. Yankovskaya E., Tattar A., Fishe M.: Quality estimation with force-decoded attention and cross-lingual embeddings. Proceedings of Third Conference on Machine Translations 2018;2:816–821, doi:10.18653/v1/ W18-64093.
• 7. Rathish D., Senavirathna I., Jayasumana C., Agampodi S.: Red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity among healthy dwellers of an agrarian region in Sri Lanka: a descriptive cross-sectional study. EHPM 2018;23(1):4–9, doi:10.1186/s12199-018-0717-0.
• 8. Bureau of Occupational and Environmental Diseases (BOED), Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. Available at: http://occ.ddc.moph.go.th (accessed 25.11.2022).
• 9. Hurtig A.K., San Sebastián M., Soto A., Shingre A., Zambrano D., Guerrero W.: Pesticide use among farmers in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Arch Environ Health 2003;58(4):223–228, doi:10.3200/AEOH.58.4.223-8.
• 10. Pawestrim I.N., Sulistyaningsih E.: Neurobehavioral performance of Indonesian farmers and its association with pesticide exposure: a cross-sectional study. CEGH 1021;11(2021):100754, doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100754.
• 11. EQM Research Inc., Test-Mate ChE Cholinesterase Test System (Model 400) Instruction Manual, EQM Research Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2003. Available at: http://www.eqmresearch.com/Manual-E.pdf (accessed 7.11.2022).
• 12. Damalas C.A., Koutroubas S.D.: Farmers’ exposure to pesticides: toxicity types and ways of prevention. Toxics 2016;4(1):1, doi:10.3390/toxics4010001.
• 13. Zyoud S.H., Sawalha A.F., Sweileh W.M., Awang R., Al-Khalil S.I., Al-Jabi S.W., Bsharat N.M.: Knowledge and practices of pesticide use among farm workers in the West Bank, Palestine: safety implications. Environ Health Prev Med 2010;15(4):252–261, doi:10.1007/s12199-010-0136-3.
• 14. Mohamed A.O., Mater A.A., Hammad A.M.A., Ishag A.E.S.A., Abdelbagi A.O., Eldein A.M., Eltayeb W.M., Dahab A.A., Gader A.A.: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pesticide’s sprayers towards pesticides use and handling in Greenhouse farms, Sudan. IJMCI 2018;6(2):840–850.
• 15. Ayu S.F., Aulia D., Baharom A.: Self determined plan to reduce the risk of pesticide toxicity in Karo. Advances in Health Sciences Research, 2nd Public Health International Conference (PHICo 2017) 2017;9:190–193, doi:10.2991/phico-17.2018.2.
• 16. Mohammad N., Abidin E.Z., Mubarik N.A.A.Z., How V., Praveena S.M., Hashim Z.: Blood cholinesterase level and its association with neurobehavioral performance due to insecticide exposure among male cocoa farmers in Pahang and Perak, Malaysia. Asian J Agri Biol 2018;Special Issue:29–41.
• 17. Alavanja M.C.R., Hoppin J.A., Kamel F.: Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure: cancer and neurotoxicity. Annu Rev Public Health 2004;25(1):155–197, doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123020.
• 18. Ohayo-Mitoko G.J., Kromhout H., Simwa J.M., Boleij J.S., Heederik D.: Self-reported symptoms and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity among Kenyan agricultural workers. Occup Environ Med 2000;57(3):195–200, doi:10.1136/oem.57.3.195.
• 19. Maroni M., Fanetti A.C., Metruccio F.: Risk assessment and management of occupational exposure to pesticides in agriculture. Med Lav 2006;97(2):430–437.
• 20. Damalas C.A., Eleftherohorinos I.G.: Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011;8(5):1402–1419, doi:10.3390/ijerph8051402.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.32394/rpzh.2023.0249