Genetyczne uwarunkowanie tolerancji na stresy abiotyczne u roślin

• Autorzy: Dziadczyk P.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Genetics of plant tolerance to abiotic stresses

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Reakcje roślin na fizyczne czynniki środowiska są bardzo złożone. Można je obserwować na różnych poziomach, począwszy od zmian w intensywności podstawowych procesów biochemicznych, takich jak: oddychanie, fotosynteza czy replikacja DNA, aż po zmiany morfologiczne organów lub całych organizmów. Badania reakcji roślin na stresy mają dwa podstawowe cele; pierwszy to lepsze, bardziej dogłębne poznanie otaczającego nas świata, drugi praktyczny - ukierunkowany na zastosowanie zdobytej wiedzy w rolnictwie. Badania aplikacyjne prowadzone są z wysoką intensywnością, ponieważ prawie wszystkie środowiska wykorzystywane w produkcji roślinnej są zmienne i oferują warunki odmienne od wymaganych przez rośliny do optymalnego wzrostu i plonowania. Tolerancja na stres jest pojęciem bardzo ogólnym. Można ją zdefiniować jako zdolność rośliny do utrzymywania procesów życiowych na jak najmniej zmienionym poziomie, w warunkach środowiska znacznie odbiegających od optymalnych. Z punktu widzenia genetyki tolerancja na stres jest cechą o charakterze ciągłym, dziedziczoną wielogenowo. Do najistotniejszych czynników stresowych zaliczyć należy niską temperaturę z podziałem na niskie temperatury powyżej zera i mróz, wysoką temperaturę, suszę, zasolenie podłoża i światło. Ostatni z wymienionych czynników stresowych nie był omawiany ze względu na niedostatek danych opisujących genetyczne uwarunkowanie odporności na ten czynnik stresowy. W pracy zasygnalizowano również znaczenie substancji osmotycznie czynnych w ochronie organizmów przed stresami abiotycznymi.

EN

Plant reactions to physical factors of the environment are very complex. They can be observed and studied at various levels, starting from the changes in the intensity of very basic biochemical processes such as photosynthesis or DNA replication up to alterations in morphology of some organs or the whole organism. Studies of plant reaction to stress have two main aims. The first one is better understanding of the surrounding world. The second one is utilitarian. This approach is focused on application of the gathered knowledge in agriculture. As almost all environments used for plant production are very far from being optimal in regard to plant productivity, significant emphasis is placed on the studies of genes involved in reaction to physical stresses. The main recipients of this research are plant breeders struggling to select new varieties more suited to harsh and unstable conditions. Stress tolerance is a very general notion. In the simplest way it can be described as plant ability to cope with stress. In terms of genetic, stress tolerance has a complex poligenic character. The main types of abiotic stresses plants must cope with are: temperature (high or low with distinct division into low temperatures above zero and frost), drought, light and salinity. In real life very often crops are subjected to two or even more stressors at the same time, e.g. high temperatures are very often accompanied by drought and soil salinity. Situation is further complicated by the fact that many genes are triggered by more than one stressor. Due to scarcity of information, problems of light stress tolerance genetics have not been discussed. Importance of osmoprotecting solutes was underlined in a separate chapter.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych
• Rocznik: 2002
• Tom: 481
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: s.49-60,tab.,bibliogr.

Twórcy

autor

Dziadczyk P.

Bibliografia

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