Diet and reproduction of the goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Serranidae), in eastern Brazil

• Autorzy: Freitas M.O. , Abilhoa V. , Giglio V.J. , Hostim-Silva M. , Moura R.L. , Francini-Filho R.B. , Minte-Vera C.V.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Background. The goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822), is the largest Atlantic grouper. It has been the first marine fish subjected to a fishing moratorium in Brazil (since 2002). The aim of this study was to investigate basic biological aspects, particularly the diet and reproduction of this endangered species. We believe that our results, together with information already available in the literature, may be a foundation for new management and conservation strategies for this grouper in Brazil. Materials and methods. Specimens were obtained from an artisanal fish landings collaborative monitoring program in the cities of Caravelas and Alcobaça, Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil. Because of the fishing moratorium, we relied on sporadic incidental captures from fishermen or donation from the law enforcement agencies. Diet and reproduction of the goliath grouper was evaluated based on 34 specimens obtained between May 2005 and September 2010. Results. Body size of 32 females ranged from 27.4 to 150.0 cm total length (TL) (mean 87.4 ± SD 34.8), while size of 2 males were 97.0 and 115.0 cm TL. Of these, 16 specimens (47%) were juveniles. Sex ratio was estimated as 1 : 16 (males to females). Two developing females were recorded, one obtained in February 2006 and another in January 2007. The length of first maturation (L50) for females was estimated at 105.64 cm and the length where 100% of individuals are mature (L100) at 126.0 cm TL. A total of 34 stomachs were analyzed, six of them were empty. Teleosts and decapods dominated the diet. The major food items of mangrove-associated fish were decapods Callinectes sp., while the coral reef-associated fish ingested mainly the boxfish Acanthostracion sp. The most important item for juveniles was Callinectes sp., while Acanthostracion sp. was the most important item for adults. Conclusion.We suggest that the goliath grouper moratorium in Brazil should be maintained for a relatively long time frame—more than four decades.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria
• Rocznik: 2015
• Tom: 45
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.1-11,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Freitas M.O.

• Instituto Meros do Brasil, Brazil
• Grupo de Pesquisa em Ictiofauna - GPIC, Museu de Historia Natural Capao da Imbuia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
• Programa de Pos - Graduacao em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do parana, Curitiba, , Brazil

autor

Abilhoa V.

• Grupo de Pesquisa em Ictiofauna - GPIC, Museu de Historia Natural Capao da Imbuia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
• Programa de Pos - Graduacao em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do parana, Curitiba, , Brazil

autor

Giglio V.J.

• Programa de Pos - Graduacao em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

autor

Hostim-Silva M.

• Instituto Meros do Brasil, Brazil
• Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo - UFES-DCAB - CEUNES, Sao Mateus, ES, Brazil

autor

Moura R.L.

• Instituto de Biologia, Depto de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

autor

Francini-Filho R.B.

• Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas e Educacao, Campus IV - Litoral Norte, Rio Tinto, PB, Brazil

autor

Minte-Vera C.V.

• Nucleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
• Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, CA, USA

Bibliografia

• Alarcon D.T., Costa R.C.D.S., Schiavetti A. 2009. Abordażem etnoecológica da pesca e captura de espécies năo-alvo Em Itacaré, Bahia (Brasil). [Ethnoecological approach to fishery and the bycatch of non-target species in Itacaré, Bahia (Brazil).] Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 34 (4): 675–686. [In Portuguese.]
• Babcock R.C., Kelly S., Shears N.T., Walker J.W., Willis T.J. 1999. Changes in community structure in temperate marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 189: 125–134. DOI: 10.3354/meps189125
• Bannerot S.P., Fox W.jr., Powers J.E. 1987. Reproductive strategies and the management of groupers and snappers In the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. Pp. 561–606. In: Polovina J.J., Ralston S. (eds.) Tropical snappers and groupers: biology and fisheries management. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA.
• Bender M.G., Floeter S.R., Hanazaki N. 2013. Do traditional fishers recognize reef fish species declines? Shifting environmental baselines in Eastern Brazil. Fisheries Management and Ecology 20 (1): 58–67.DOI: 10.1111/fme.12006
• Bohnsack J.A., Ault J.S. 1996. Management strategies to conserve marine biodiversity. Oceanography 9 (1): 73–82. DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.1996.30
• Bowen S.H. 1996. Quantitative description of the diet. Pp. 513–532. In: Murphy B.R., Willis D.W. (eds.) Fisheries techniques. 2nd edn. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD, USA.
• Brown-Peterson N.J., Wyansky D.M., Saborido-Rey F., Macewicz B.J., Lowerre-Barbieri S.K. 2011. A standardized terminology for describing reproductive development in fishes. Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science 3 (1): 52–70. DOI: 10.1080/19425120.2011.555724
• Brulé T., Puerto-Novelo E., Pérez-Díaz E., Renán-Galindo X. 2005. Diet composition of juvenile black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci) from coastal nursery areas of the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 77 (3): 441–452.
• Brulé T., Renan X., Colás-Marrufo T., Hauyon Y., Tuz-Sulub A.N., Déniel C. 2003. Reproduction in the protogynous black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci (Poey)) from the southern Gulf ofMexico. Fishery Bulletin 101 (3): 463–475.
• Bullock L.H., Murphy M.D., Godcharles M.F., Mitchell M.E. 1992. Age, growth and reproduction of jewfish Epinephelus itajara in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Fisheries Bulletin 90 (2): 243–249.
• Bullock L.H., Smith G.B. 1991. Seabasses (Pisces: Serranidae). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises, Vol. 8, Part 2. Floryda Department of Natural Resources, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
• Carlson J.K., Baremore I.E. 2003. Changes in biological parameters of Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprinodon terraenovae in the Gulf of Mexico: evidence for densitydependent growth and maturity? Marine Freshwater Research 54 (3): 227–234. DOI: 10.1071/MF02153
• Clarke K.R., Gorley R.N. 2001. PRIMER v. 5: User manual/tutorial. PRIMER-E, Plymouth, UK.
• Claro R., García-Cagide A., Sierra L.M., García-Arteaga J.P. 1990. Características biológico-pesqueras de la cherna criolla, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch) (Pisces: Serranidae) en la plataforma cubana. Ciencias Biológicas 23: 23–43.
• Colin P.L. 1994. Preliminary investigations of reproductive activity of the jewfish, Epinephelus itajara (Pisces:Serranidae). Pp. 38–47. In: Proceedings of the Forty-Third Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 6 November 1990, Charleston, SC, USA.
• Colin P.L., Sadovy Y., Domeier M.L. 2003. Manual for the study and conservation of reef fish spawning aggregations. Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations, Special Publication.
• Cortés E. 1999. Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of sharks. ICES Journal of Marine Sciences 56 (5): 707–717. DOI: 10.1006/jmsc.1999.0489
• Craig M.T. 2011. Epinephelus itajara. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2013.1. Available from:http://www.iucnredlist.org (19 July 2013).
• Craig M.T., Graham R.T., Torres R.A., Hyde J.R., Freitas M.O., Ferreira B.P., Hostim-Silva M.,Gerhardinger L.C., Bertoncini A.A., Robertson D.R. 2009. How many species of goliath grouper are there?
• Cryptic genetic divergence in a threatened marine fish and the resurrection of a geopolitical species. Endangered Species Research 7 (3): 167–174. DOI: 10.3354/esr00117
• Dutra G.F., Allen G.R., Werner T., McKenna S.A. 2005. A rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the Abrolhos Bank, Bahia, Brazil. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 38.
• Eklund A.-M., Schull J. 2001. A stepwise approach to investigate the movement patterns and habitat utilization of goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara, using conventional tagging, acoustic telemetry and satellite tracking. Pp. 189–216. In: Sibert J.R., Nielsen J.L. (eds.) Electronic tagging and tracking in marine fisheries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
• Farmer B.M.,Wilson S.K. 2011. Diet of finfish targeted by fishers in North West Australia and the implications for trophic cascades. Environmental Biology of Fishes 91 (1): 71–85. DOI: 10.1007/s10641-010-9761-3
• Félix-Hackradt F.C., Hackradt C.W. 2008. Populational study and monitoring of the goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822), in the coast of Paraná, Brazil. Natureza e Conservaçăo 6 (2): 141–156.
• Ferreira B.P., Maida M. 1995. Projeto Mero: apresentaçăo e resultados preliminares. [Mero project: presentation and preliminary results.] Boletim Técnico Cientifico do CEPENE 3 (1): 201–210. [In Portuguese.]
• Ferretti F.,WormB., Britten G.L., HeithausM.R., Lotze H.K. 2010. Patterns and ecosystem consequences of smark declines in the ocean. Ecology Letters 13 (8): 1055–1071. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01489.x
• Fournier D.A., Skaug H.J., Ancheta J., Ianelli J.,Magnusson A., Maunder M.N., Nielsen A., Sibert J. 2012. AD Model Builder: using automatic differentiation for statistical inferencje of highly parameterized complex nonlinear models. Optimization Methods and Software 27 (2): 233–249. DOI: 10.1080/10556788.2011.597854
• Francini-Filho R.B., Coni E.O.C., Meirelles P.M., Amado-FilhoG.M.,Thompson F.L., Pereira-FilhoG.H.,BastosA.C., Abrantes D.P., Ferreira C.M., Gibran F.Z., Güth A.Z., Sumida P.Y.G.,OliveiraN.L.,KaufmanL.,Minte-VeraC.V., Moura R.L. 2013. Dynamics of coral reef benthic assemblages of the Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil: Inferences on natural and anthropogenic drivers. Plos One 8: e54260. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054260
• Francini-FilhoR.B., deMouraR.L. 2008a.Dynamics of fish assemblages on coral reefs subjected to differentmanagement regimes in the Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18 (7): 1166–1179. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.966
• Francini-Filho R.B., Moura R.L. 2008b. Evidence for spillover of reef fishes from a no-take marine reserve: An evaluation using the before-after control-impact (BACI) approach. Fisheries Research 93 (3): 346–356.DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2008.06.011
• Freitas M.O., Abilhoa V., da Costa e Silva G.H. 2011a. Feeding ecology of Lutjanus analis (Teleostei: Lutjanidae) from Abrolhos Bank, Eastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (2): 411–418. DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252011005000022
• Freitas M.O., de Moura R.L., Francini-Filho R.B., Minte-Vera C.V. 2011b. Spawning patterns of commercially important reef fish (Lutjanidae and Serranidae) in the tropical western South Atlantic. ScientiaMarina 75 (1): 134–146. DOI: 10.3989/scimar.2011.75n1135
• Freitas M.O., Rocha G.R.A, Chaves P.T.C., De Moura R.L. 2014. Reproductive biology of the lane snapper, Lutjanus synagris, and recommendations for its management on the Abrolhos Shelf, Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94 (8): 1711–1720. DOI: 10.1017/S0025315414001088
• Frias-Torres S. 2006. Habitat use of juvenile goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara in the Florida Keys, USA. Endangered Species Research 2: 1–6. DOI: 10.3354/esr002001
• Frias-Torres S. 2012. Should the critically endangered goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara be culled in Florida? Oryx 47 (1): 88–95.DOI: 10.1017/S0030605312000361
• Frias-Torres S., Barroso P., Eklund A.M., Schull J., Serafy J.2007. Activity patterns of three juvenile goliath grouper,Epinephelus itajara, in a mangrove nursery. Bulletin of Marine Sciences 80 (3): 587–594.
• Frias-Torres S., Luo J. 2009. Using dual-frequency sonar to detect juvenile goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara in mangrowe habitat. Endangered Species Research 7: 237–242.DOI: 10.3354/esr00138
• Gelman A., Carlin J.B., Stern H.S., Rubin D.B. 2004.Bayesian data analysis. 2nd edn. Chapman and Hall/CRC Texts in Statistical Science.
• Gerhardinger L.C., Hostim-Silva M., Medeiros R.P.,Matarezi J, Bertoncini A.A., Freitas M.O., Ferrreira B.P. 2009. Fisher’s resource mapping and goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Serranidae) conservation in Brazil.Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (1): 93–102.DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000100012
• Gerhardinger L.C.,Medeiros R.,Marenzi R.C., Bertoncini A.A.,Hostim-Silva M. 2006. Local ecological knowledge on the goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Teleostei: Serranidae) in Southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 4 (4): 441–450.DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252006000400008
• Giglio V.J., Bertoncini A.A., Ferreira B.P., Hostim-Silva M.,FreitasM.O. 2014. Landings of goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara, in Brazil: despite prohibited over ten years, fishing continues. Natureza e Conservaçăo 12 (2): 118–123.DOI: 10.1016/j.ncon.2014.09.004
• Giglio V.J., Freitas M.O. 2013. Caracterizaçăo da pesca artesanal com rede de camboa praticada na Reserva Extrativista do Cassurubá, Bahia. [Characterization of artisanal fishery with camboa net at the Cassurubá Extractive Reserve, Bahia.] Biotemas 26 (2): 249–259. [In Portuguese.]DOI: 10.5007/2175-7925.2013v26n2p249
• Graham N.A.J., Evans R.D., Russ G.R. 2003. The effects of marine reserve protection on the trophic relationships of reef fishes on the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Conservation 30 (2): 200–208.DOI: 10.1017/S0376892903000195
• Heemstra P.C., Randall J.E. 1993. FAO species catalogue: Groupers of the world (Family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis 16 (125): 1–382.
• HeithausM.R., FridA.,Vaudo J.J.,WormB.,WirsingA.J. 2010.Unraveling the ecological importance of elasmobranchs. Pp. 611–637. In:Carrier J.C.,Musick J.A.,HeithausM.R. (eds.). Sharks and their relatives II: Biodiversity, adaptive physiology and conservation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
• Heithaus M.R., Frid A., Wirsing A.J., Worm B. 2008. Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23 (4): 202–210.DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.003
• Hostim-Silva M., Bertoncini A.A., Gerhardinger L.C., Machado L.F. 2005. The “Lord of the Rock’s” conservation program in Brazil: the need for a new perception of marine fishes. Coral Reefs 24 (1): 74.DOI: 10.1007/s00338-004-0437-3
• Hutchings J.A. 2005. Life history consequences of overexploitation to population recovery in Northwest Atlantic cod(Gadus morhua). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62 (4): 824–832.DOI: 10.1139/F05-081
• Hyslop E.J. 1980. Stomach contents analysis—a review ofmethods and their application. Journal of Fish Biology 17 (4): 411–429.DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02775.xKinas P.G., Andrade H.A. 2010. Introduçăo ŕ análise Bayesiana (com R). [Introduction to Bayesian analysis (R).] MaisQnada, Porto Alegre, Brazil.King M. 2007. Fisheries biology, assessment and management.2nd edn. Blackwell Publishing Oxford, UK.
• KoenigC.C.,Coleman F.C. 2009. Population density, demographics,and predation effects of adult goliath grouper. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,MARFIN Project Final Report.
• Koenig C.C., Coleman F.C., Kingon K. 2011. Pattern of recovery of the goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara population in the southeastern US. Bulletin of Marine Science. 87 (4): 891–911.DOI: 10.5343/bms.2010.1056
• Leão Z.M.A.N., Kikuchi R.K.P. 2005. A relic coral fauna threatened by global changes and human activities, Ekstern Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51 (5–7): 599–611.DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.024
• Machado L.F., Daros F.A.M.L, Bertoncini A.A., Hostim-Silva M., Barreiros J.P. 2008. Feeding strategy and trophic ontogeny in Epinephelus marginatus (Serranidae) from southern Brazil. Cybium 32 (1): 33–41.
• Mann D.A., Locascio J.V., Coleman F.C., Koenig C.C. 2009. Goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara sound production and movement patterns on aggregation sites. Endangered Species Research 7 (3): 229–236.DOI: 10.3354/esr00109
• Matsuura K. 2001. Ostraciidae. Boxfishes. Pp. 3948–3951. In: Carpenter K.E., Niem V. (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific, Vol. 6, FAO, Rome, Italy.
• McBride R.S., Vidal T.E., Cadrin S.X. 2013. Changes in size and age at maturity of the northern stock of tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps) after a period of overfishing. Fishery Bulletin 111 (2): 161–174.DOI: 10.7755/FB.111.2.4
• McClenachan L. 2009. Historical declines of goliath grouper populations in South Florida, USA. Endangered Species Research 7 (3): 175–181. DOI: 10.3354/esr00167
• Morris A.V., Roberts C.M., Hawkins J.P. 2000. The threatened status of groupers (Epinephelinae). Biodiversity Conservation 9 (7): 919–942.DOI: 10.1023/A:1008996002822
• MouraR.L., Francini-FilhoR.B.,Chaves E.M.,Minte-VeraC.V.,Lindeman K.C. 2011. Use of riverine through reef habitat systems by dog snapper (Lutjanus jocu) in eastern Brazil. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 95 (1): 274–278. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2011.08.010
• Moura R.L., Secchin N.A., Amado-Filho G.M., Francini-Filho R.B., Freitas M.O., Minte-Vera C.V., Teixeira J.B, Thompson F.L., Dutra G.F., Sumida P.Y.G, Guth A.Z., Lopes R.M., Bastos A.C. 2013. Spatial patterns of benthic megahabitats and conservation planning in the Abrolhos Bank. Continental Shelf Research 70: 109–117.DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2013.04.036
• Pauly D., Christensen V., Dalsgaard J., Froese R., Torres F.jr.1998. Fishing downmarine food webs. Science 279 (5352): 860.DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5352.860
• Pilling G.M., Apostolaki P., Failler P., Floros C., Large P.A.,Morales-Nin B., Reglero P., Stergiou K.I., Tsikliras A.C.2008. Assessment and management of data-poor fisheries. Pp. 280–305. In: Payne A., Cotter J., Potter T. (eds.) Advances in fisheries science: 50 years on from Beverton and Holt. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
• Pinkas L., Oliphant M.S., Iverson I.L.R. 1971. Food habits of albacore, bluefin tuna, and bonito in California waters. Fish Bulletin 152: 1–105.
• Pinnegar J.K., Polunin N.V.C., Francour P., Badalamenti F., Chemello R., Harmelin-Vivien M.-L., Hereu B.,Milazzo M., Zabala M., D’Anna G., Pipitone C. 2000.Trophic cascades in benthic marine ecosystems: lessons for fisheries and protected-area management. Environmental Conservation 27 (2): 179–200.
• PrevieroM.,Minte-Vera C.V., deMoura R.L. 2013. Fisheries monitoring in Babel: fish ethnotaxonomy in a hotspot of common names. Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (2): 467–476. DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000200016
• Randall J.E. 1967. Food habits of reef fishes of theWest Indies.Studies in Tropical Oceanography 5: 665–847.
• Reuss-Strenzel G.M., Assunção M.F. 2008. Etnoconhecimento ecológico dos caçadores submarinos de Ilhéus, Bahia, como subsídio ŕ preservaçăo do mero (Epinephelus itajara Lichtenstein, 1822). [Ecological ethnoknowledge of the underwater fishermen of Ilhéus, Bahia, in support of the conservation of the goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara Lichtenstein, 1822).] Revista da Gestăo Costeira Integrada 8 (2): 203–219.DOI: 10.5894/rgci137 [In Portuguese.]
• Russ G.R. 1991. Coral reef fisheries: effects and yields. Pp.601–635. In: Sale P.F. (ed.) The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
• Sadovy Y., Eklund A. 1999. Synopsis of biological data on the Nassau grouper, Ephinephelus striatus, and the Jewfish, E. itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822). NOAA Technical Report NMFS 146: A Technical Report of the Fishery Bulletin FAO Fisheries Synopsis 157.
• Silva-Oliveira G.C., Rêgo P.S., Schneider H., Sampaio I., Vallinoto M. 2008. Genetic characterization of populations of the critically endangered goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara, Serranidae) from the northern Brazilian coast through analyses of mtDNA. Genetics and Molecular Biology 31 (4): 988–994.DOI: 10.1590/S1415-47572008005000016
• Silva-Oliveira G.C., Silva A.B.C., Oliveira Y., Nunes Z.P., Torres R.A., Sampaio I., Vallinoto M. 2013. New nuclear primers for molecular studies of Epinephelidae fishes. Conservation Genetic Resources 5 (1): 165–168.DOI: 10.1007/s12686-012-9759-6
• Smith C.L. 1971. A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History 146: 69–241.
• Soares L.S.H., Lopez J.P., Muto E.Y., Giannini R. 2011.Capture fishery in northern Todos os Santos Bay, tropical southwestern Atlantic, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 59 (1): 61–74.DOI: 10.1590/S1679-87592011000100005
• Willis T.J., Anderson M.J. 2003. Structure of cryptic reef fish assemblages: relationships with habitat characteristics and predator density. Marine Ecology Progress Series 257: 209–221.DOI: 10.3354/meps257209

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.3750/AIP2015.45.1.01