Restorative therapies to enhance sensorimotor recovery following cerebral ischemia

• Autorzy: Ortega F.J. , Jolkkonen J.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The development of therapies that aim to facilitate functional recovery has identified potential approaches in stroke research. The main advantage of restorative therapies is their delayed administration after acute necrotic cell death, when the treatment can be combined with intensive rehabilitation and medication for poststroke complications to further enhance therapeutic benefit. Emerging understanding of brain repair and plasticity mechanisms after cerebral insults has revealed novel therapeutic targets including the promotion of axonal sprouting, altered perilesional GABA and glutamate receptor signaling, and enhancement of angiogenesis and endogenous neurogenesis. Interestingly, it seems that intensive rehabilitative training such as constraint-induced movement therapy also acts through these brain repair mechanisms, which may have an additive impact on functional recovery.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
• Rocznik: 2013
• Tom: 73
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: p.66-78,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Ortega F.J.

• Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

autor

Jolkkonen J.

• Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

Bibliografia

• Abdallah DM, Nassar NN, Abd-El-Salam RM (2011) Glibenclamide ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion injury via modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory media¬tors in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res 1385: 257-262. Acler M, Fiaschi A, Manganotti P (2009) Long-term levodo- pa administration in chronic stroke patients. A clinical and neurophysiologic single-blind placebo-controlled cross¬over pilot study. Restor Neurol Neurosci 27: 277-283. Adams HP, Robinson RG (2012) Improving recovery after stroke: A role for antidepressant medications? Stroke 43: 2829-2832.
• Barbay S, Nudo RJ (2009) The effects of amphetamine on recovery of function in animal models of cerebral injury: A critical appraisal. NeuroRehabilitation 25: 5-17. Berends HI, Nijlant J, van Putten M, Movig KLL, Ijzerman MJ (2009) Single dose of fluoxetine increases muscle activation in chronic stroke patients. Clin Neuropharmacol 32: 1-5. Biernaskie J, Corbett D (2001) Enriched rehabilitative train¬ing promotes improved forelimb motor function and enhanced dendritic growth after focal ischemic injury. J Neurosci 21: 5272-5280.
• Bilge C, Koger E, Koger A, Türk Börü U (2008) Depression and functional outcome after stroke: the effect of antide¬pressant therapy on functional recovery. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 44: 13-18.
• Boyeson MG, Feeney DM (1990) Intraventricular norepi- nephrine facilitates motor recovery following sensorimotor cortex injury. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35: 497-501.
• Carmichael ST (2003) plasticity of cortical projections after stroke. Neuroscientist 9: 64-75.
• Carmichael ST (2010) Targets for neural repair therapies after stroke. Stroke 41: S124-126.
• Chen J, Zhang ZG, Li Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Jiang H, Zhang C, Lu M, Katakowski M, Feldkamp CS, Chopp M (2003) Statins induce angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and synapto¬genesis after stroke. Ann Neurol 53: 743-751.
• Chen J, Zhang C, Jiang H, Li Y, Zhang L, Robin A, Katakowski M, Lu M, Chopp M (2005) Atorvastatin induction of VEGF and BDNF promotes brain plasticity after stroke in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25: 281-290.
• Chen J, Chopp M (2006) Neurorestorative treatment of stroke: cell and pharmacological approaches. NeuroRx 3: 466-473.
• Chen J, Cui X, Zacharek A, Jiang H, Roberts C, Zhang C, Lu M, Kapke A, Feldkamp CS, Chopp M (2007) Niaspan increases angiogenesis and improves functional recovery after stroke. Ann Neurol 62: 49-58.
• Chen M, Simard JM (2001) Cell swelling and a nonselective cation channel regulated by internal Ca2+ and ATP in native reactive astrocytes from adult rat brain. J Neurosci 21: 6512-6521.
• Chen P, Goldberg DE, Kolb B, Lanser M, Benowitz LI (2002) Inosine induces axonal rewiring and improves behavioral outcome after stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 9031-9036.
• Chollet F, Tardy J, Albucher J-F, Thalamas C, Berard E, Lamy C, Bejot Y, Deltour S, Jaillard A, Niclot P, Guillon B, Moulin T, Marque P, Pariente J, Arnaud C, Loubinoux I (2011) Fluoxetine for motor recovery after acute ischae- mic stroke (FLAME): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 10: 123-130.
• Clarkson AN, Huang BS, Macisaac SE, Mody I, Carmichael ST (2010) Reducing excessive GABA-mediated tonic inhibition promotes functional recovery after stroke. Nature 468: 305-309.
• Clarkson AN, Overman JJ, Zhong S, Mueller R, Lynch G, Carmichael ST (2011) AMPA receptor-induced local brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling mediates motor recovery after stroke. J Neurosci 31: 3766-3775.
• Cramer SC (2008) Repairing the human brain after stroke: I. Mechanisms of spontaneous recovery. Ann Neurol 63: 272-287.
• Cramer SC, Dobkin BH, Noser EA, Rodriguez RW, Enney LA (2009) Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of ropinirole in chronic stroke. Stroke 40: 3034¬3038.
• Cramer SC (2011) Listening to fluoxetine: a hot message from the FLAME trial of poststroke motor recovery. Int J Stroke 6: 315-316.
• Crisostomo EA, Duncan PW, Propst M, Dawson DV, Davis JN (1988) Evidence that amphetamine with physical therapy promotes recovery of motor function in stroke patients. Ann Neurol 23: 94-97.
• Cui X, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Roberts C, Buller B, Ion M, Chen J (2010) Niacin treatment of stroke increases synap¬tic plasticity and axon growth in rats. Stroke 41: 2044¬2049.
• De Bilbao F, Arsenijevic D, Moll T, Garcia-Gabay I, Vallet P, Langhans W, Giannakopoulos P (2009) In vivo over¬expression of interleukin-10 increases resistance to focal brain ischemia in mice. J Neurochem 110: 12-22.
• Dobkin BH (2008) Training and exercise to drive poststroke recovery. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 4: 76-85.
• Donnan GA, Fisher M, Macleod M, Davis SM (2008) Stroke. Lancet 371: 1612-1623.
• Fang P-C, Barbay S, Plautz EJ, Hoover E, Strittmatter SM, Nudo RJ (2010) Combination of NEP 1-40 treatment and motor training enhances behavioral recovery after a focal cortical infarct in rats. Stroke 41: 544-549.
• Feeney DM, Baron JC (1986) Diaschisis. Stroke 17: 817-830.
• Feeney DM, Gonzalez A, Law WA (1982) Amphetamine, haloperidol, and experience interact to affect rate of recovery after motor cortex injury. Science 217: 855¬857.
• Flöel A, Hummel F, Breitenstein C, Knecht S, Cohen LG (2005) Dopaminergic effects on encoding of a motor memory in chronic stroke. Neurology 65:472-474.
• Giannopoulos S, Katsanos AH, Tsivgoulis G, Marshall RS (2012) Statins and cerebral hemodynamics. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 32: 1973-1976.
• Gladstone DJ (2005) Physiotherapy coupled with dextroam- phetamine for rehabilitation after hemiparetic stroke: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 37: 179-185.
• Grade C, Redford B, Chrostowski J, Toussaint L, Blackwell B (1998) Methylphenidate in early poststroke recovery: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79: 1047-1050.
• Han J, Pollak J, Yang T, Siddiqui MR, Doyle KP, Taravosh- Lahn K, Cekanaviciute E, Han A, Goodman JZ, Jones B, Jing D, Massa SM, Longo FM, Buckwalter MS (2012) Delayed administration of a small molecule tropomyosin- related kinase B ligand promotes recovery after hypoxic- ischemic stroke. Stroke 43: 1918-1924.
• Hashioka S, Klegeris A, Monji A, Kato T, Sawada M, McGeer PL, Kanba S (2007) Antidepressants inhibit interferon-gamma-induced microglial production of IL-6 and nitric oxide. Exp Neurol 206: 33-42.
• Hatinen S, Sairanen M, Sirvio J, Jolkkonen J (2008) Improved sensorimotor function by rolipram following focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 26: 493-499.
• Hermann DM, Chopp M (2012) Promoting brain remodel¬ling and plasticity for stroke recovery: therapeutic prom¬ise and potential pitfalls of clinical translation. Lancet Neurol 11: 369-380.
• Hicks AU, Lappalainen RS, Narkilahti S, Suuronen R, Corbett D, Sivenius J, Hovatta O, Jolkkonen J (2009) Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells and enriched environment after cortical stroke in rats: cell survival and functional recov¬ery. Eur J Neurosci. 29: 562-574.
• Hicks A, Jolkkonen J (2009) Challenges and possibilities of intravascular cell therapy in stroke. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 69: 1-11.
• Hsu WY, Cheng CH, Liao KK, Lee IH, Lin YY (2012). Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor functions in patients with stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke 43: 1849-57.
• Irwin N, Li Y-M, O'Toole JE, Benowitz LI (2006) Mst3b, a purine-sensitive Ste20-like protein kinase, regulates axon outgrowth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 18320-18325.
• Jablonska A, Lukomska B (2011) Stroke induced brain changes: Implications for stem cell transplantation. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 71: 74-85.
• Jolkkonen J, Puurunen K, Rantakomi S, Sirvio J, Haapalinna A, Sivenius J (2000) Effects-of fluoxetine on senso- rimotor and spatial learning deficits following focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 17: 211-216.
• Jones TA, Allred RP, Adkins DL, Hsu JE, O'bryant A, Maldonado MA (2009) Remodeling the brain with behav¬ioral experience after stroke. Stroke 40: S136-S138.
• Karki K, Knight RA, Han Y, Yang D, Zhang J, Ledbetter KA, Chopp M, Seyfried DM (2009) Simvastatin and ator- vastatin improve neurological outcome after experimen¬tal intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 40: 3384-3389.
• Kauhanen M-L, Korpelainen JT, Hiltunen P, Brusin E, Mononen H, Maatta R, Nieminen P, Sotaniemi KA, Myllyla VV (1999) Poststroke depression correlates with cognitive impairment and neurological deficits. Stroke 30: 1875-1880.
• Kunte H, Schmidt S, Eliasziw M, del Zoppo GJ, Simard JM, Masuhr F, Weih M, Dirnagl U (2007) Sulfonylureas improve outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 38: 2526-2530.
• Laska AC, von Arbin M, Kahan T, Hellblom A, Murray V (2005) Long-term antidepressant treatment with moclo- bemide for aphasia in acute stroke patients: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cerebrovasc Dis 19: 125-132.
• Lee SK, Kim DI, Kim SY, Kim DJ, Lee JE, Kim JH (2004) Reperfusion cellular injury in an animal model of transient ischemia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25: 1342-1347.
• Li S, Carmichael ST (2006) Growth-associated gene and protein expression in the region of axonal sprouting in the aged brain after stroke. Neurobiol Dis 23: 362-373.
• Lu D, Mahmood A, Goussev A, Schallert T, Qu C, Zhang ZG, Li Y, Lu M, Chopp M (2004) Atorvastatin reduction of intravascular thrombosis, increase in cerebral micro- vascular patency and integrity, and enhancement of spa¬tial learning in rats subjected to traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 101: 813-21.
• Lokk J, Roghani RS, Delbari A (2011) Effect of meth- ylphenidate and/or levodopa coupled with physiotherapy on functional and motor recovery after stroke - a random¬ized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Acta Neurol Scand 123: 266-273.
• Macdonald E, Van Der Lee H, Pocock D, Cole C, Thomas N, Vandenberg PM, Bourtchouladze R, Kleim JA (2007) A novel phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor, HT-0712, enhances rehabilitation-dependent motor recovery and cortical reorganization after focal cortical ischemia. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 21: 486-496.
• Malberg JE, Eisch AJ, Nestler EJ, Duman RS (2000) Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 20: 9104-9110.
• Manji HK, Drevets WC, Charney DS (2001) The cellular neurobiology of depression. Nat Med 7: 541-547.
• Markus HS (2005) Current treatments in neurology: Stroke. J Neurol 252: 260-267.
• Martin LJ, Zurek AA, Macdonald JF, Roder JC, Jackson MF, Orser BA (2010) Alpha5GABAA receptor activity sets the threshold for long-term potentiation and constrains hip¬pocampus-dependent memory. J Neurosci 30: 5269-5282.
• Martinsson L (2003) Safety of dexamphetamine in acute ischemic stroke: A randomized, double-blind, controlled dose-escalation trial. Stroke 34: 475-481.
• Melander A, Lebovitz HE, Faber OK (1990) Sulfonylureas. Why, which, and how? Diabetes Care 13 S3: 18-25.
• Menniti FS, Ren J, Coskran TM, Liu J, Morton D, Sietsma DK, Som A, Stephenson DT, Tate BA, Finklestein SP (2009) Phosphodiesterase 5A inhibitors improve func¬tional recovery after stroke in rats: optimized dosing regimen with implications for mechanism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 331: 842-850.
• Mikami K, Jorge RE, Adams HP, Davis PH, Leira EC, Jang M, Robinson RG (2011) Effect of antidepressants on the course of disability following stroke. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 19: 1007-1015.
• Mikhailov MV, Campbell JD, De Wet H, Shimomura K, Zadek B, Collins RF, Sansom MSP, Ford RC, Ashcroft FM (2005) 3-D structural and functional characterization of the purified KATP channel complex Kir6.2-SUR1. EMBO J 24: 4166-4175.
• Montaner J, Chacon P, Krupinski J, Rubio F, Millan M, Molina CA, Hereu P, Quintana M, Alvarez-Sabin J (2007) Simvastatin in the acute phase of ischemic stroke: A safety and efficacy pilot trial. Eur J Neurol 15: 82-90.
• Moonis M, Kane K, Schwiderski U, Sandage BW, Fisher M (2005) HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors improve acute ischemic stroke outcome. Stroke 36: 1298-1300.
• Murphy TH, Corbett D (2009) Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 10: 861-872.
• Nakagawa S, Kim J-E, Lee R, Malberg JE, Chen J, Steffen C, Zhang Y-J, Nestler EJ, Duman RS (2002a) Regulation of neurogenesis in adult mouse hippocampus by cAMP and the cAMP response element-binding protein. J Neurosci 22: 3673-3682.
• Nakagawa S, Kim JE, Lee R, Chen J, Fujioka T, Malberg J, Tsuji S, Duman RS (2002b) Localization of phosphory- lated cAMP response element-binding protein in imma¬ture neurons of adult hippocampus. J Neurosci 22: 9868-9876.
• Ortega FJ, Gimeno-Bayon J, Espinosa-Parrilla JF, Carrasco JL, Batlle M, Pugliese M, Mahy N, Rodriguez MJ (2012) ATP-dependent potassium channel blockade strengthens microglial neuroprotection after hypoxia-ischemia in rats. Exp Neurol 235: 282-296.
• Ortega FJ, Jolkkonen J, Mahy N, Rodriguez MJ (2013) Glibenclamide enhances neurogenesis and improves long-term functional recovery after transient focal cere¬bral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 33: 356-364.
• Overman JJ, Clarkson AN, Wanner IB, Overman WT, Eckstein I, Maguire JL, Dinov ID, Toga AW, Carmichael ST (2012) A role for ephrin-A5 in axonal sprouting, recovery, and activity-dependent plasticity after stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109: E2230-E2239.
• Papadopoulos CM, Tsai S-Y, Alsbiei T, O'Brien TE, Schwab ME, Kartje GL (2002) Functional recovery and neuroana- tomical plasticity following middle cerebral artery occlu¬sion and IN-1 antibody treatment in the adult rat. Ann Neurol 51: 433-441.
• Pariente J, Loubinoux I, Carel C, Albucher JF, Leger A, Manelfe C, Rascol O, Chollet F (2001) Fluoxetine modu¬lates motor performance and cerebral activation of patients recovering from stroke. Ann Neurol 50: 718-729.
• Perera TD, Coplan JD, Lisanby SH, Lipira CM, Arif M, Carpio C, Spitzer G, Santarelli L, Scharf B, Hen R, Rosoklija G, Sackeim HA, Dwork AJ (2007) Antidepressant-induced neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult nonhuman primates. J Neurosci 27: 4894-4901.
• Pernet V, Schwab ME (2012) The role of Nogo-A in axonal plasticity, regrowth and repair. Cell Tissue Res 349: 97-104.
• Platz T, Kim I-H, Engel U, Pinkowski C, Eickhof C, Kutzner M (2005) Amphetamine fails to facilitate motor perfor¬mance and to enhance motor recovery among stroke patients with mild arm paresis: interim analysis and ter¬mination of a double blind, randomised, placebo-con¬trolled trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci 23: 271-280.
• Ramasubbu R, Goodyear BG (2008) Methylphenidate modulates activity within cognitive neural networks of patients with post-stroke major depression: A placebo- controlled fMRI study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 4: 1251-1266.
• Restemeyer C, Weiller C, Liepert J (2007) No effect of a levodopa single dose on motor performance and motor excitability in chronic stroke. A double-blind placebo- controlled cross-over pilot study. Restor Neurol Neurosci 25: 143-150.
• Rösser N, Heuschmann P, Wersching H, Breitenstein C, Knecht S, Flöel A (2008) Levodopa improves procedural motor learning in chronic stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89: 1633-1641.
• Rossini PM, Calautti C, Pauri F, Baron J-C (2003) Post- stroke plastic reorganisation in the adult brain. Lancet Neurol 2: 493-502.
• Ruscher K, Inacio AR, Valind K, Rowshan Ravan A, Kuric E, Wieloch T (2012a) Effects of the sigma-1 receptor agonist 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)- piperazine dihydro-chloride on inflammation after stroke. PLoS ONE 7: e45118.
• Ruscher K, Kuric E, Wieloch T (2012b) Levodopa treatment improves functional recovery after experimental stroke. Stroke 43: 507-513.
• Sairanen M, Lucas G, Ernfors P, Castren M, Castren E
• (2005) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and antidepres- sant drugs have different but coordinated effects on neu¬ronal turnover, proliferation, and survival in the adult dentate gyrus. J Neurosci 25: 1089-1094.
• Santarelli L, Saxe M, Gross C, Surget A, Battaglia F, Dulawa S, Weisstaub N, Lee J, Duman R, Arancio O, Belzung C, Hen R (2003) Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science 301: 805-809.
• Sasaki T, Kitagawa K, Omura-Matsuoka E, Todo K, Terasaki Y, Sugiura S, Hatazawa J, Yagita Y, Hori M (2007) The phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram promotes survival of newborn hippocampal neurons after ischemia. Stroke 38: 1597-1605.
• Scheidtmann K, Fries W, Müller F, Koenig E (2001) Effect of levodopa in combination with physiotherapy on func¬tional motor recovery after stroke: A prospective, ran¬domised, double-blind study. Lancet 358: 787-790.
• Schmidt S, Bruehl C, Frahm C, Redecker C, Witte OW (2012) Age dependence of excitatory-inhibitory balance following stroke. Neurobiol Aging 33: 1356-1363.
• Schuster C, Maunz G, Lutz K, Kischka U, Sturzenegger R, Ettlin T (2011) Dexamphetamine improves upper extrem¬ity outcome during rehabilitation after stroke: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 25: 749-755.
• Shehadah A, Chen J, Cui X, Roberts C, Lu M, Chopp M (2010) Combination treatment of experimental stroke with Niaspan and Simvastatin, reduces axonal damage and improves functional outcome. J Neurol Sci 294: 107-111.
• Shimamura M, Sato N, Sata M, Kurinami H, Takeuchi D, Wakayama K, Hayashi T, Iida H, Morishita R (2007) Delayed postischemic treatment with Fluvastatin improved cognitive impairment after stroke in rats. Stroke 38: 3251-3258.
• Silver B, McCarthy S, Lu M, Mitsias P, Russman AN, Katramados A, Morris DC, Lewandowski CA, Chopp M (2009) Sildenafil treatment of subacute ischemic stroke: a safety study at 25-mg daily for 2 weeks. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 18: 381-383.
• Simard JM, Chen M, Tarasov KV, Bhatta S, Ivanova S, Melnitchenko L, Tsymbalyuk N, West GA, Gerzanich V
• (2006) Newly expressed SUR1-regulated NC(Ca.ATP) chan¬nel mediates cerebral edema after ischemic stroke. Nat Med 12: 433-440.
• Simard JM, Woo SK, Schwartzbauer GT, Gerzanich V (2012) Sulfonylurea receptor 1 in central nervous system injury: A focused review. J Cereb Blood Flow and Metab 32: 1699-1717.
• Sironi L (2003) Treatment with statins after induction of focal ischemia in rats reduces the extent of brain damage. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23: 322-327.
• Sivenius J, Torppa J, Tuomilehto J, Immonen-Raiha P, Kaarisalo M, Sarti C, Kuulasmaa K, Mahonen M, Lehtonen A, Salomaa V (2009) Modelling the burden of stroke in Finland until 2030. Int J Stroke 4: 340-345.
• Sonde L, Lokk J (2007) Effects of amphetamine and/or l-dopa and physiotherapy after stroke? A blinded random¬ized study. Acta Neurol Scand 115: 55-59.
• Sprigg N, Willmot MR, Gray LJ, Sunderland A, Pomeroy V, Walker M, Bath PMW (2007) Amphetamine increases blood pressure and heart rate but has no effect on motor recovery or cerebral haemodynamics in ischaemic stroke: A randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN 36285333). J Hum Hypertens 21: 616-624.
• Sprigg N, Bath PMW (2009) Speeding stroke recovery? A systematic review of amphetamine after stroke. J Neurol Sci 285: 3-9.
• Stead LG, Vaidyanathan L, Kumar G, Bellolio MF, Brown RD, Suravaram S, Enduri S, Gilmore RM, Decker WW (2009) Statins in ischemic stroke: just low-density lipoprotein low¬ering or more? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 18: 124-127.
• Stroemer RP, Kent TA, Hulsebosch CE, Feeney DM (1998) Enhanced neocortical neural sprouting, synaptogenesis, and behavioral recovery with d-amphetamine therapy after neocortical infarction in rats. Stroke 29: 2381-2395.
• Sutton RL, Hovda DA, Feeney DM (1989) Amphetamine accel¬erates recovery of locomotor function following bilateral frontal cortex ablation in cats. Behav Neurosci 103: 837-841.
• Tardy J, Pariente J, Leger A, Dechaumont-Palacin S, Gerdelat A, Guiraud V, Conchou F, Albucher J-F, Marque P, Franceries X, Cognard C, Rascol O, Chollet F, Loubinoux I (2006) Methylphenidate modulates cerebral post-stroke reorganization. Neuroimage 33: 913-922.
• Tsai S-Y, Papadopoulos CM, Schwab ME, Kartje GL (2011) Delayed anti-Nogo-A therapy improves function after chronic stroke in adult rats. Stroke 42: 186-190.
• van der Most PJ, Dolga AM, Nijholt IM, Luiten PGM, Eisel ULM (2009) Statins: mechanisms of neuroprotection. Prog Neurobiol 88: 64-75.
• Walker-Batson D, Smith P, Curtis S, Unwin H, Greenlee R (1995) Amphetamine paired with physical therapy accel¬erates motor recovery after stroke. Further evidence. Stroke 26: 2254-2259.
• Wang LE, Fink GR, Diekhoff S, Rehme AK, Eickhoff SB, Grefkes C (2010) Noradrenergic enhancement improves motor network connectivity in stroke patients. Ann Neurol 69: 375-388.
• Weikop P, Yoshitake T, Kehr J (2007) Differential effects of adjunctive methylphenidate and citalopram on extracel¬lular levels of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in the rat brain. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17: 658-671.
• Wiessner C, Bareyre FM, Allegrini PR, Mir AK, Frentzel S, Zurini M, Schnell L, Oertle T, Schwab ME (2003) Anti- Nogo-A antibody infusion 24 hours after experimental stroke improved behavioral outcome and corticospinal plasticity in normotensive and spontaneously hyperten¬sive rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23: 154-165.
• Windle V, Corbett D (2005) Fluoxetine and recovery of motor function after focal ischemia in rats. Brain Res 1044: 25-32. Zai L, Ferrari C, Dice C, Subbaiah S, Havton LA, Coppola G, Geschwind D, Irwin N, Huebner E, Strittmatter SM, Benowitz LI (2011) Inosine augments the effects of a Nogo receptor blocker and of environmental enrichment to restore skilled forelimb use after stroke. J Neurosci 31: 5977-5988.
• Zai L, Ferrari C, Subbaiah S, Havton LA, Coppola G, Strittmatter S, Irwin N, Geschwind D, Benowitz LI (2009) Inosine alters gene expression and axonal projections in neurons contralat¬eral to a cortical infarct and improves skilled use of the impaired limb. J Neurosci 29: 8187-8197.
• Zhang L, Zhang RL, Wang Y, Zhang C, Zhang ZG, Meng H, Chopp M (2005) Functional recovery in aged and young rats after embolic stroke: treatment with a phosphodi¬esterase type 5 inhibitor. Stroke 36: 847-852.
• Zhang R (2003) Nitric oxide enhances angiogenesis via the synthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor and cGMP after stroke in the rat. Circ Res 92: 308-313.
• Zhao C, Wang J, Zhao S, Nie Y (2009) Constraint-induced movement therapy enhanced neurogenesis and behavioral recovery after stroke in adult rats. Tohoku J Exp Med 218: 301-308.
• Zhao C-S, Puurunen K, Schallert T, Sivenius J, Jolkkonen J (2005) Behavioral and histological effects of chronic antip- sychotic and antidepressant drug treatment in aged rats with focal ischemic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 158: 211-220.
• Zittel S, Weiller C, Liepert J (2007) Reboxetine improves motor function in chronic stroke. J Neurol 254: 197¬201.
• Zittel S, Weiller C, Liepert J (2008) Citalopram improves dexterity in chronic stroke patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 22: 311-314.
• del Zoppo GL (2006) Stroke and neurovascular protection. N Engl J Med 354: 553-555.

Uwagi

Rekord w opracowaniu