Sex-specific habitat preferences of foraging and commuting lesser horseshoe bats Rhinolophus hipposideros (Borkhausen, 1797) in lowland England

• Autorzy: Downs N.C. , Cresswell W.J. , Reason P. , Sutton G. , Weels D. , Wray S.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) is a widespread but rare bat in central and southern Europe, having undergone a dramatic population decline in the 1950s and 1960s. However, an internationally significant population has persisted in the United Kingdom, which now appears to be increasing. The present study extends previous radio-tracking studies on R. hipposideros to confirm and extend species-specific habitat management recommendations. It is also the first to radio-track adult males in lowland England. Thirteen lesser horseshoe bats (eight males and five females, from two maternity roosts) were radio-tracked within and around the National Trust Sherborne Park Estate, Gloucestershire (UK), between June and October 2003. A total of 2599 fixes were obtained from active bats, classified as emergence circling (2.7%), commuting (10.3%), foraging (85.2%) and return circling (1.8%). Although commuting bats were mainly recorded along the edges of fields near to hedgerows or woodlands, more open commuting routes were also identified. The longest of these (used by a single bat) was in excess of 200 m through long-established open parkland during the darkest period of the night. Shorter distances (typically 30–100 m) were also flown between mature parkland trees. It is also notable that, immediately after emergence, a significant number of bats tracked from both maternity roosts crossed low over an unlit narrow two-lane country road. Habitat selection, assessed using compositional analysis based on the radio-tracking data, identified a preference for woodland habitats above all others, particularly broadleaf woodland. Wet broadleaf woodland was used for foraging by five of the 13 tracked bats. Parkland, grazed grassland and un-grazed grassland were also selected. Arable land was the least selected. This is the first study in which compositional analysis has revealed a preference for grazed over un-grazed grassland. Grazed grassland was also selected above parkland (only some of which was grazed), suggesting that the presence of cattle may be more important than mature parkland trees. Low sample sizes prohibited the use of sex-specific compositional analyses. However, it was still notable that when comparing the sexes, females showed an increased preference for woodland and a decreased preference for grassland. It is apparent from the present study that lesser horseshoe bats are flexible in their use of foraging habitat. They are able to forage within habitats other than woodland (such as scrub and isolated trees), and cross open gaps to reach these areas. However, these foraging situations are likely to be sub-optimal. Landscape management around lesser horseshoe maternity colonies should focus on optimal foraging habitats. These comprise linear landscape elements (such as hedges, tree-lines, rivers and woodland edges), woodland, and grazed parkland containing mature trees. Additionally, future conservation studies should consider both sexes, due to the possibility that sex-specific differences in habitat use exist.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Chiropterologica
• Rocznik: 2016
• Tom: 18
• Numer: 2
• Opis fizyczny: p.451-465,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Downs N.C.

• Arcadis, The Mill, Brimscombe Port, Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL5 2QG, United Kingdom
• University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UG, United Kingdom

autor

Cresswell W.J.

• Arcadis, The Mill, Brimscombe Port, Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL5 2QG, United Kingdom

autor

Reason P.

• Arcadis, The Mill, Brimscombe Port, Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL5 2QG, United Kingdom

autor

Sutton G.

• GS Ecology, 119 Highgrove Street, Reading, Berks, RG1 5EJ, United Kingdom

autor

Weels D.

• Collins Environmental Consultancy, Epsilom Dome, Cleve Mill Business Park, Newent, Gloucestershire, GL18 1EP, United Kingdom

autor

Wray S.

• Peter Brett Associates, 10 Queen Square, Bristol, BS1 4NT, United Kingdom

Bibliografia

• 1. Aebischer, N. J., and P. A. Robertson. 1992. Practical aspects of compositional analysis as applied to pheasant habitat utilization. Pp. 285–293, in Wildlife Telemetry: remote monitoring and tracking of animals ( I. G. Priede and S. M. Swift, eds.). Ellis Horwood, Chichester, xii + 708 pp. Google Scholar
• 2. Aebischer, N. J., P. A. Robertson, and R. E. Kenward. 1993. Compositional analysis of habitat use from animal radiotracking data. Ecology, 74: 1313–1325. Google Scholar
• 3. Aldridge, H. D. J. N., and R. M. Brigham. 1988. Load carrying and manoeuvrability in an insectivorous bat: a test of the 5% ‘rule’ of radio-telemetry. Journal of Mammalogy, 69: 379–382. Google Scholar
• 4. Afonso, E., P. Tournant, J. C. Foltête, P. Giraudoux, P. E. Baurand, S. Roué, V. Canella, D. Vey, and R. Scheifler. 2016. Is the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) exposed to causes that may have contributed to its decline? A non-invasive approach. Global Ecology and Conservation, 8: 123–137. Google Scholar
• 5. Altringham, J., and G. Kerth. 2016. Chapter 3: Bats and Roads. Pp. 35–62, in Bats in the Anthropocene: conservation of bats in a changing world ( C. C. Voigt and T. Kingston, eds.). Springer International AG, Cham, ix + 606 pp. Google Scholar
• 6. Arlettaz, R., S. Godot, and H. Meyer. 2000. Competition for food by expanding pipistrelle bat populations (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) might contribute to the decline of lesser horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus hipposideros). Biological Conservation, 93: 55–60. Google Scholar
• 7. Arnett, E. B., E. F. Baerwald, F. Mathews, L. Rodrigues, A. Rodriguez-Durán, J. Rydell, R. Villegas-Patraca, and C. C. Voigt. 2016. Chapter 11: Impacts of wind energy development on bats: a global perspective. Pp. 295–323, in Bats in the Anthropocene: conservation of bats in a changing world ( C. C. Voigt and T. Kingston, eds.). Springer Inter national AG, Cham, ix + 606 pp. Google Scholar
• 8. Avery, M. I. 1985. Winter activity of pipistrelle bats. Journal of Animal Ecology, 54: 721–738. Google Scholar
• 9. Barlow, K. E., P. A. Briggs, K. A. Haysom, A. M. Hutson, N. L. Lechiara, P. A. Racey, A. L. Walsh, and S. D. Langton. 2015. Citizen science reveals trends in bat populations: The National Bat Monitoring Programme in Great Britain. Biological Conservation, 182: 14–26. Google Scholar
• 10. BAT CONSERVATION TRUST. 2015. The National Bat Monitoring Programme — Annual Report 2014. Available at http://www.bats.org.uk/pages/nbmp_annual_report.html. Download ed on 29 March 2016. Google Scholar
• 11. Bontadina, F., D. Scaravelli, S. Gloor, T. Hotz, and A. Beck. 1999. Radio-tracking bats: a short review with examples of a study in Italy. Pp. 163–173, in Proceedings of the First Italian Bat Congress, Castell'Azzara, 28–29 March 1998 ( G. Dondini, O. Papalini, and S. Vergari, eds.). G.S. L'Orso, Castell'Azzara, 360 pp. Google Scholar
• 12. Bontadina, F., R. Arlettaz, T. Fankhauser, M. Lutz, E. Muhle Thaler, A. Theiler, and P. Zingg. 2000. The lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros in Switzerland: pres ent status and research recommendations. Le Rhinolo phe, 14: 69–83. Google Scholar
• 13. Bontadina, F., H. Schofield, and B. Naef-Daenzer. 2002. Radio tracking reveals that lesser horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus hipposideros) forage in woodland. Journal of Zoology (London), 258: 281–290. Google Scholar
• 14. Bontadina, F., S. F. Schmied, A. Beck, and R. Arlettaz. 2008. Changes in prey abundance unlikely to explain the demography of a critically endangered Central European bat. Journal of Applied Biology, 45: 641–648. Google Scholar
• 15. Brack, V., and R. K. Laval. 2006. Diet of the gray myotis (Myotis grisescens): Variability and consistency, opportunism and selectivity. Journal of Mammalogy, 87: 7–18. Google Scholar
• 16. Bradshaw, P. A. 1996. The physical nature of vertical forest habitat and its importance in shaping bat species assemblages. Pp. 199–212, in Bats and Forests Symposium, October 19–21, 1995, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada ( R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, xiv + 292 pp. Google Scholar
• 17. Catto, C. M. C., A. M. Hutson, and P. A. Racey. 1995. Activity patterns of the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) at a roost in southern England. Journal of Zoology (London), 235: 635–644. Google Scholar
• 18. Cleveland, C. J., J. D. Frank, P. Federico, J. D. Frank, T. G. Hallam, J. Horn, J. D. Lopez, Jr , G. F. Mccracken, R. A. Medellin, A. Moreno-Valdez , et al. 2006. Economic value of the pest control service provided by Brazilian freetailed bats in south-central Texas. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4: 238–243. Google Scholar
• 19. Collins, J. (ed.). 2016. Bat surveys for professional ecologists: good practice guidelines, 3rd edition. The Bat Conservation Trust, London, 100 pp. Google Scholar
• 20. Crampton, L. H., and R. M. R. Barclay. 1996. Habitat selection by bats in fragmented and unfragmented aspen mixed wood stands of different ages. Pp. 238–259, in Bats and Forests Symposium, October 19–21, 1995, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada ( R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, xiv + 292 pp . Google Scholar
• 21. Dietz, C., I. Dietz, and B. Siemers. 2006. Wing measurement variations in the five European horseshoe bat species (Chi ro ptera: Rhinolophidae). Journal of Mammalogy, 87: 1241–1251. Google Scholar
• 22. Dietz, C., O. Von Helversen, and D. Nill. 2009. Bats of Britain, Europe and Northwest Africa. A & C Black Publishers Ltd., London, 400 pp. Google Scholar
• 23. Dietz, M. and E. K. V. Kalko. 2007. Reproduction affects flight activity in female and male Daubenton's bats, Myotis daubentoni. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85: 653–664. Google Scholar
• 24. Downs, N. C., and P. A. Racey. 2006. The use by bats of habitat features in mixed farmland in Scotland. Acta Chiropterologica, 8: 169–185. Google Scholar
• 25. Downs, N. C., and L. J. Sanderson. 2010. Do bats forage over cattle dung or over cattle? Acta Chiropterologica, 12: 349–358. Google Scholar
• 26. Downs, N. C., W. J. Cresswell, P. Reason, G. Sutton, D. Wells, L. Williams, and S. Wray. 2016. Activity patterns and use of night roosts by lesser horseshoe bats Rhinolophus hipposideros (Borkhausen, 1797). Acta Chiropterologica, 18: 223–228. Google Scholar
• 27. Duvergē, P. L. 1996. Foraging activity, habitat use, development of juveniles, and diet of the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum — Schreber 1774) in south-west England. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bristol, Bristol, 310 pp. Google Scholar
• 28. Duvergē, P. L., and G. Jones. 1994. Greater horseshoe bats — activity, foraging behaviour and habitat use. British Wildlife, 6: 69–77. Google Scholar
• 29. Duvergē, P. L., and G. Jones. 2003. Habitat use by greater horseshoe bats. Pp. 64–81, in Conservation and conflict: mammals and farming in Britain ( F. Tattersall and W. Manley, eds.). Westbury Publishing, Otley, xii + 261 pp. Google Scholar
• 30. Duvergē, P. L., G. Jones, J. Rydell, and R. D. Ransome. 2000. Functional significance of emergence timing in bats. Ecography, 23: 32–40. Google Scholar
• 31. Encarnaçăo, J. A., U. Kierdorf, D. Holweg, U. Jasnoch, and V. Wolters. 2005. Sex-related differences in roost-site selection by Daubenton's bats Myotis daubentonii during the nursery period. Mammal Review, 35: 285–294. Google Scholar
• 32. Eurobats. 2010. Report of the Intersessional Working Group on impact on bat populations of the use of antiparasitic drugs for livestock. Doc.EUROBATS.StC4-AC15.29. Rev1. Google Scholar
• 33. EUROBATS. 2016. UNEP/EUROBATS Agreement on the conservation of populations of European bats. Available at http://www.euro bats.org. Downloaded on 11 June 2016. Google Scholar
• 34. FORESTRY COMMISSION. 2003. National inventory of woodland and trees. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, 58 pp. Google Scholar
• 35. Gaisler, J. 1963. The ecology of lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros hipposideros Bechstein, 1800) in Czecho slovakia, part I. Véstnik Československé Společnosti Ento mologické, 27: 211–233. Google Scholar
• 36. Goerlitz, H. Z., H. M. Ter Hofstede, M. R. K. Zeale, G. Jones, and M. W. Holdereid. 2010. An aerial-hawking bat uses stealth echolocation to counter moth hearing. Current Biology, 20: 1568–1572. Google Scholar
• 37. Haddad, N. M., G. M. Crutsinger, K. Gross, J. Haarstad, J. M. Knops, and D. Tilman. 2009. Plant species loss decreases arthropod diversity and shifts trophic structure. Ecology Letters, 12: 1029–1039. Google Scholar
• 38. Hayes, J. P., and M. D. Adam. 1996. The influence of logging riparian areas on habitat utilization by bats in western Oregon. Pp. 228–237, in Bats and Forests Symposium, October 19–21, 1995, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada ( R. M. R. Barclay and R. M. Brigham, eds.). British Columbia Mini stry of Forests, Victoria, xiv + 292 pp. Google Scholar
• 39. Henry, M., D. W. Thomas, R. Vaudry, and M. Carrier. 2002. Foraging distances and home range of pregnant and lactating little brown bats (Myotis Lucifugus). Journal of Mammalogy, 83: 767–774. Google Scholar
• 40. Hillen, J., T. Kaster, J. Pahle, A. Kiefer, O. Elle, E. M. Griebeler, and M. Veith. 2011. Sex specific habitat selection in an edge habitat specialist, the western barbastelle bat. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 48: 180–190. Google Scholar
• 41. Hodkinson, I. D., S. J. Coulson, N. R. Webb, W. Block, A. T. Strathdee, J. S. Bale, and M. R. Worland. 1996. Temp erature and the biomass of flying midges (Diptera: Chiro nomidae) in the high Arctic. Oikos, 75: 241–248. Google Scholar
• 42. Hutson, A. M. 1993. Action plan for the conservation of bats in the United Kingdom. The Bat Conservation Trust, London, 49 pp. Google Scholar
• 43. Hutson, A. M., S. P. Mickleburgh, and P. A. Racey (comp.). 2001. Microchiropteran bats: global status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Chiroptera Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland, x + 259 pp. Google Scholar
• 44. IUCN. 2008. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on November 4, 2008. Google Scholar
• 45. JNCC [Joint Nature Conservation Committee]. 2003. Handbook for Phase 1 habitat survey — a technique for environmental audit — revised reprint. JNCC, Peter borough, 78 pp. Google Scholar
• 46. Johnson, D. H. 1980. The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference. Ecology, 61: 65–71. Google Scholar
• 47. Jones, G., T. Gordon, and J. Nightingale. 1992. Sex and age differences in the echolocation calls of the lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus hipposideros. Mammalia, 56: 189–193. Google Scholar
• 48. Jones, G., D. S. Jacobs, T. H. Kunz, M. R. Willig, and P. A. Racey. 2009. Carpe noctem: the importance of bats as bioindicators. Endangered Species Research, 8: 93–115. Google Scholar
• 49. Jung, K., S. Kaiser, S. B. Hm, J. Nieschulze, and E. K. V. Kalko. 2012. Moving in three dimensions: effects of structural complexity on occurrence and activity of insectivorous bats in managed forest stands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49: 523–531. Google Scholar
• 50. Kirby, K. 2004. British woodland: a historical perspective. Pp. 3–7, in Managing woodland and their mammals ( C. Quine, R. Shore, and R. Trout, eds.). Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, vi + 106 pp. Google Scholar
• 51. Knight, T. 2006. The use of landscape features and habitats by the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bristol, Bristol, 193 pp. Google Scholar
• 52. Kunz, T. H., J. A. Wrazen, and C. D. Burnett. 1998. Changes in body mass and fat reserves in pre-hibernating little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Ecoscience, 5: 8–31. Google Scholar
• 53. Kurta, A., G. P. Bell, K. A. Nagy, and T. H. Kunz. 1989. Energetics of pregnancy and lactation in free-ranging little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Physiological Zoology, 62: 808–818. Google Scholar
• 54. Leroy, S. A. G., and M. J. Simms 2006. Iron age to medieval entomogamous vegetation and Rhinolophus hipposideros roost in South-Eastern Wales (UK). Palaeogeography Palaeo climatology Palaeoecology, 237: 4–18. Google Scholar
• 55. Lewinsohn, T. M., V. Novotny, and Y. Basset. 2005. Insects on plants: diversity of herbivore assemblages revisited. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 36: 597–620. Google Scholar
• 56. Mcaney, C. M., and J. S. Fairley. 1988. Habitat preference and overnight and seasonal variation in the foraging activity of lesser horseshoe bats. Acta Theriologica, 33: 393–402. Google Scholar
• 57. Mitschunas, N., and M. Wagner. 2015. Diet of the lesser horse shoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) in central Germany, and its seasonal and site-specific variation. Acta Chiro pterologica, 17: 379–392. Google Scholar
• 58. Muller, J., and R. Brandl. 2009. Assessing biodiversity by remote sensing in mountainous terrain: the potential of LiDAR to predict forest beetle assemblages. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46: 897–905. Google Scholar
• 59. Ober, H. K., and J. P. Hayes. 2008a. Influence of forest riparian vegetation on abundance and biomass of nocturnal flying insects. Forest Ecology and Management, 256: 1124–1132. Google Scholar
• 60. Ober, H. K., and J. P. Hayes. 2008b. Influence of vegetation on bat use of riparian areas at multiple spatial scales. Journal of Wildlife Management, 72: 396–404. Google Scholar
• 61. Peng, R. K., S. L. Sutton, and C. R. Fletcher. 1992a. Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of flying diptera. Journal of Zoology (London), 228: 329–340. Google Scholar
• 62. Peng, R. K., C. R. Fletcher, and S. L. Sutton. 1992b. The effect of microclimate on flying dipterans. International Jour nal of Biometeorology, 36: 69–76. Google Scholar
• 63. Peng, R., S. L. Sutton, and C. R. Fletcher. 1994. Distribution patterns of some species of Scatopsidae (Insecta, Diptera) and the effect of microclimate on their flight activity. Journal of Zoology (London), 232: 585–594. Google Scholar
• 64. Perkins, J. M., and S. P. Cross. 1988. Differential use of some coniferous forest habitats by hoary and silver-haired bats in Oregon. Murrelet, 69: 21–24. Google Scholar
• 65. Pierson, E. D. 1998. Tall trees, deep holes, and scarred landscapes: conservation biology of North American bats. Pp. 309–325, in Bat biology and conservation ( T. H. Kunz and P. A. Racey, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington, D.C., xiv + 365 pp. Google Scholar
• 66. Racey, P. A. 2000. Does legislation conserve and does research drive policy? The case of bats in the UK. Pp. 159–173, in Priorities for the conservation of mammalian diversity. Has the panda had its day? ( A. E. Entwistle and N. Dunstone, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 474 pp. Google Scholar
• 67. Rachwald, A. 1992. Habitat preference and activity of the noctule bat Nyctalus noctula in the Bialowieza primeval forest. Acta Theriologica, 37: 413–422. Google Scholar
• 68. Rackham, O. 1980. Ancient woodland, its history, vegetation and uses in England. Edward Arnold, London, 402 pp. Google Scholar
• 69. Rackham, O. 1986. The history of the countryside. Phoenix Press, London, xiv + 445 pp. Google Scholar
• 70. Ransome, R. D. 1973. Factors affecting the timing of births of the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Periodicum Biologorum, 75: 169–175. Google Scholar
• 71. Ransome, R. D. 1991. Lesser horseshoe bat. Pp. 95–97, in The handbook of British mammals, 3rd edition ( G. Corbet and S. Harris , eds.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, xiv + 588 pp. Google Scholar
• 72. Ransome, R. D. 1996. The management of feeding areas for greater horseshoe bats. English Nature Research Report, 174: 1–74. Google Scholar
• 73. Ransome, R. D. 1997. The management of greater horseshoe bat feeding areas to enhance population levels. English Nature Research Report, 241: 1–62. Google Scholar
• 74. Ransome, R. D. 1998. The Impact Of Maternity Roost Conditions On Populations Of Greater Horseshoe Bats. English Nature Research Report, 292: 1–80. Google Scholar
• 75. Reiter, G. 2004. The importance of woodland for Rhinolophus hipposideros (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae) in Austria. Mammalia, 68: 403–410. Google Scholar
• 76. Reiter, G., E. Pölzer, H. Mixanig, F. Bontadina, and U. Hüttmeir. 2013. Impact of landscape fragmentation on a specialised woodland bat, Rhinolophus hipposideros. Mam malian Biology, 78: 283–289. Google Scholar
• 77. Robertson, J. 2002. Lesser horseshoe bats in a Welsh valley. British Wildlife, 13: 412–418. Google Scholar
• 78. Rowse, E. G., D. Lewanzik, E. L. Stone, S. Harris, and G. Jones. 2016. Chapter 7: Dark matters: the effects of artificial lighting on bats. Pp. 187–213, in Bats in the Anthropocene: conservation of bats in a changing world ( C. C. Voigt and T. Kingston, eds.). Springer International AG, Cham, ix + 606 pp. Google Scholar
• 79. Russo, D. 2002. Elevation affects the distribution of the two sexes in Daubenton's bats Myotis daubentonii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Italy. Mammalia, 66: 543–551. Google Scholar
• 80. Russo, D., L. Cistrone, and G. Jones. 2007. Emergence time in forest bats: the influence of canopy closure. Acta Oecologica, 31: 119–126. Google Scholar
• 81. Russo, D., L. Cistrone, A. P. Garonna, and G. Jones. 2011. The early bat catches the fly: daylight foraging in soprano pipistrelles. Mammalian Biology, 76: 87–89. Google Scholar
• 82. SAFI, K., B. Kőnig, and G. Kerth. 2007. Sex differences in population genetics, home range size and habitat use of the parti-coloured bat (Vespertilio murinus, Linnaeus 1758) in Switzerland and their consequences for conservation. Biological Conservation, 137: 28–36. Google Scholar
• 83. Schofield, H. W. 1996. The ecology and conservation biology of Rhinolophus hipposideros, the lesser horseshoe bat. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, 197 pp. Google Scholar
• 84. Schofield, H. W. 2008. The lesser horseshoe bat conservation handbook. The Vincent Wildlife Trust, Ledbury, 78 pp. Google Scholar
• 85. Schofield, H. W., and K. Mcaney. 2008. Lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros. Pp. 306–310, in Mammals of the British Isles: handbook, 4th edition ( S. Harris and D. W. Yalden, eds.). The Mammal Society, Southampton, xiv + 799 pp. Google Scholar
• 86. Senior, P., R. K. Butlin, and J. D. Altringham. 2005. Sex and segregation in temperate bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 272B: 2467–2473. Google Scholar
• 87. Siemers, B. M., and S. M. Swift. 2006. Differences in sensory ecology contribute to resource partitioning in the bats Myotis bechsteinii and Myotis nattereri (Chiroptera: Vespertilio nidae). Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology, 59: 373–380. Google Scholar
• 88. Smith, P. G. 2003. Compos Analysis version 5.0 user's guide: Smith Ecology Microsoft® Excel tool for Compositional Analysis. Smith Ecology Ltd, Abergavenny, 17 pp. Google Scholar
• 89. Smout, T. C. 1997. Scottish woodland history. Scottish Cultural Press, Edinburgh, vii + 215 pp. Google Scholar
• 90. Stebbings, R. E. 1988. Conservation of European Bats. Christopher Helm, London, 246 pp. Google Scholar
• 91. Strong, L., and R. Wall. 1994. Effects of ivermectin and moxidectin on the insects of cattle dung. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 84: 403–409. Google Scholar
• 92. Strong, L., R. Wall, A. Woolford, and D. Djeddour. 1996. The effect of faecally excreted ivermectin and fenbendazole on the insect colonisation of cattle dung following the oral administration of sustained-release boluses. Veterinary Parasitology, 62: 253–266. Google Scholar
• 93. THE COUNTRYSIDE AGENCY. 1999. The state of the countryside 1999. The Countryside Agency, Cheltenham, 48 pp. Google Scholar
• 94. Voigt, C. C., and T. Kingston. 2016. Chapter 1: Bats in the An thropocence. Pp. 1–9, in Bats in the Anthropocene: conser vation of bats in a changing world ( C. C. Voigt and T. Kingston, eds.). Springer International AG, Cham, ix + 606 pp. Google Scholar
• 95. Weller, T. J., P. M. Cryan, and T. J. O'Shea. 2009. Broadening the focus of bat conservation and research in the USA for the 21st century. Endangered Species Research, 8: 129–145. Google Scholar
• 96. Whitaker, J. O., Jr . 1994. Food availability and opportunistic versus selective feeding in insectivorous bats. Bat Research News, 35: 75–77. Google Scholar
• 97. Wilkinson, L.C., and R. M. R. Barclay. 1997. Differences in the foraging behaviour of male and female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) during the reproductive period. Ecoscience, 4: 279–285. Google Scholar
• 98. Williams-Guillén, K., I. Perfecto, and J. Vandermeer. 2008. Bats limit insects in a Neotropical agroforestry ecosystem. Science, 320: 70. Google Scholar
• 99. Williams, C. A. 2001. The winter ecology of Rhinolophus hipposideros, the lesser horseshoe bat. Ph.D. Thesis, Open University, Milton Keynes, xvii + 231 pp. Google Scholar
• 100. Zahn, A., J. Holzhaider, E. Kriner, A. Maier, and A. Kayikcioglu. 2008. Foraging activity of Rhinolophus hipposi deros on the Island of Herrenchiemsee, Upper Bavaria. Mam malian Biology, 73: 222–229. Google Scholar
• 101. Zeale, M. R. K., I. Davidson-Watts, and G. Jones. 2012. Home range use and habitat selection by barbastelle bats (Barbastella barbastellus): implications for conservation. Journal of Mammalogy, 93: 1110–1118. Google Scholar

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.2.012