Determination of Cu, Mn, Hg, Pb, and Zn in the outer tissue washings, outer tissues, and inner tissues of different vegetables using ICP-OES

• Autorzy: Arif I.A. , Khan H. A. , Al Homaidan A. A. , Ahamed A.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

We have determined the levels of five heavy metals (Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn) in outer tissue washings, outer tissues, and inner tissues of different vegetable samples (beans, cabbage, capsicum, carrot, cauliflower, cucumber, eggplant, green pepper, pea, and tomato) from the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Instead of using the customary dried tissue power, we conducted all the analysis directly in the wet tissues following microwave digestion; the levels of heavy metals being reported in wet as well as dry tissue using the watercontent factor. Pb was absent in the washings but present in most of the vegetables in the range of 0.013-0.251 μg/g wet tissue (0.201-5.055 μg/g dry tissue). Although traces of Hg (5.994-6.520 ng/g wet tissue) were present in the washing, this metal was not detected in the vegetable tissues. Cu was observed in the range of 0.079-1.785 μg/g wet tissue (1.104-22.919 μg/g dry tissue), whereas the range of Mn was found to be 0.239-3.263 μg/g wet tissue (4.626-47.036 μg/g dry tissue). Only in the outer tissues of peas were Cu levels found to be slightly higher (22.919 μg/g dried tissue) than the recommended upper limit of 20 μg/g. Zn was detected only in the beans, green pepper, and peas; its concentration was much higher in outer (552.77 μg/g) and inner (686.71 μg/g) tissues of green pepper than the recommended upper limit of 100 μg/g. The lower limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for Hg were found to be 0.81 and 1.61 ng/kg, respectively. The LOD and LOQ for the remaining heavy metals were as follows: Cu (1.28 and 4.27 μg/kg), Mn (0.23 and 0.77 μg/kg), Pb (7.56 and 24.79 μg/kg), and Zn (5.98 and 19.96 μg/kg). Our findings suggest that the analysis of heavy metals directly in the wet samples provides a quick alternative for screening of heavy metals as this method can determine the heavy metals well below their toxic limits. The presence of heavy metals in the washings of the outer tissues of vegetables points toward the importance of thoroughly washing vegetables before consumption.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
• Rocznik: 2011
• Tom: 20
• Numer: 4
• Opis fizyczny: p.835-841,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Arif I.A.

• Environmental Analysis Unit, Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

autor

Khan H. A.

• Environmental Analysis Unit, Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

autor

Al Homaidan A. A.

• Environmental Analysis Unit, Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

autor

Ahamed A.

• Environmental Analysis Unit, Prince Sultan Research Chair for Environment and Wildlife, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

Bibliografia

• 1. MALEKI A., ZARASVAND M.A. Heavy metals in selected edible vegetables and estimation of their daily intake in Sanandaj, Iran. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 39, 335, 2008.
• 2. SHARMA R.K., AGRAWAL M., MARSHALL F.M. Heavy metals in vegetables collected from production and market sites of a tropical urban area of India. Food Chem Toxicol. 47, 583, 2009.
• 3. HU X., DING Z. Lead/cadmium contamination and lead isotopic ratios in vegetables grown in peri-urban and mining/ smelting contaminated sites in Nanjing, China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 82, 80, 2009.
• 4. MOR F., CEYLAN S. Cadmium and lead contamination in vegetables collected from industrial, traffic and rural areas in Bursa Province, Turkey. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 25, 611, 2008.
• 5. EAGON P.K., TEEPE A.G., ELM M.S., TADIC S.D. Hepatichyperplasia and cancer in rats: alterations in copper metabolism. Carcinogenesis. 20, 1091, 1999.
• 6. THOMAS L.D., HODGSON S., NIEUWENHUIJSEN M., JARUP L. Early kidney damage in a population exposed to cadmium and other heavy metals. Environ Health Perspect. 117, 181, 2009.
• 7. AKESSON A., JULIN B., WOLK A. Long-term dietary cadmium intake and postmenopausal endometrial cancer incidence: a population-based prospective cohort study. Cancer Res. 68, 6435, 2008.
• 8. PEETERS E.G. The possible influence of the components of the soil and the lithosphere on the development and growth of neoplasms. Experientia. 43, 74, 1987.
• 9. BOFFETTA P. Carcinogenicity of trace elements with reference to evaluations made by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Scand. J Work Environ Health. 19, 67, 1993.
• 10. HAYES R.B. The carcinogenicity of metals in humans. Cancer Causes Control. 8, 371, 1997.
• 11. THAKUR J.S., RAO B.T., RAJWANSHI A., PARWANA H.K., KUMAR R. Epidemiological study of high cancer among rural agricultural community of Punjab in Northern India. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 5, 399, 2008.
• 12. SACHAN S., SINGH S.K., SRIVASTAVA P.C. Buildup of heavy metals in soil-water-plant continuum as influenced by irrigation with contaminated effluent. J Environ Sci Eng. 49, 293, 2007.
• 13. WEIGERT P. Metal loads of food of vegetable origin including mushroooms. In: Merian E, Ed. Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment: Occurrence, Analysis and Biological Relevance. Weinheim, VCH, 458, 1991.
• 14. PERALTA-VIDEA J.R., LOPEZ M.L., NARAYAN M., SAUPE G., GARDEA-TORRESDEY J. The biochemistry of environmental heavy metal uptake by plants: implications for the food chain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 41, 1665, 2009.
• 15. PERELLÓ G., MARTÍ-CID R., LLOBET J.M., DOMINGO J.L. Effects of various cooking processes on the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in foods. J Agric Food Chem. 56, 11262, 2008.
• 16. CURRIE L.A. Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods including detection and quantification capabilities (IUPAC Recommendations 1995). Anal Chim Acta. 391, 105, 1999.
• 17. HERRICK G., FRIEDLAND T. Patterns of trace metal concentrations and acidity in mountain forest soils of northeastern US. Water/Air Soil Pollut. 53, 151, 1990.
• 18. NAIR M., BALACHANDRAN K.K., SANKARNARAYAN V.N., JOSEPH T. Heavy metals in fishes from coastal waters of Cochin, South West Coast of India. Ind J Marine Sci. 26, 98, 1997.
• 19. AWASTHI S.K. Prevention of food Adulteration Act No. 37 of 1954. Central and State Rules as Amended for 1999, third ed. Ashoka Law House, New Delhi, 2000.
• 20. GRAFFHAM A. EU legal requirements for imports of fruits and vegetables (a suppliers guide). Fresh Insights no. 1, DFID/IIED/NRI, 2000.
• 21. CHOJNACKA K., CHOJNACKI A., GORECKA H., GORECKI H. Bioavailability of heavy metals from polluted soils to plants. Sci Total Environ. 337, 175, 2005.
• 22. MOORE J.N., LUOMA S.N. Hazardous waste from large scale metal extraction. A case study. Environ Sci Technol. 24, 1278, 1990.
• 23. BEHBAHANINIA A., MIRBAGHERI S.A. Investigation of heavy metals uptake by vegetable crops from metal-contaminated soil. World Acad Sci Eng Tech. 43, 56, 2008.
• 24. GARCIA W.J., BLESSIN C.W., INGLETT G.E., KWOLEK W.F. Metal accumulation and crop yield for a variety of edible crops grown in diverse soil media amended with sewage sludge. Environ Sci Technol. 15, 793, 1981.
• 25. KHAN D.H., FRANKLAND B. Effects of cadmium and lead on radish plants with particular reference to movement of metals through soil profile and plant. Plant Soil. 70, 335, 1983.
• 26. COBB G.P., SANDS K., WATERS M., WIXSON B.G., DORWARD KING E. Accumulation of heavy metals by garden vegetables. J Environ Qual. 29, 934, 2000.
• 27. BOON D.Y., SOLTANPOUR P.N. Lead, cadmium, and zinc contamination of Aspen Garden soils and vegetation. J Environ Qual. 21, 82, 1992.
• 28. RADWAN M.A., SALAMA A.K. Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables. Food Chem Toxicol. 44, 1273, 2006.
• 29. KINGSTON H.M., JASSIE L.B. Microwave energy for acid decomposition at elevated temperatures and pressures using biological and botanical samples. Anal Chem. 58, 2534, 1986.
• 30. SOYLAK M., TUZEN M., NARIN I., SARI H. Comparison of microwave, dry and wet digestion procedures for the determination of trace metal contents in spice samples produced in Turkey. J Food Drug Anal. 12, 254, 2004.
• 31. GUPTA S., SATPATI S., NAYEK S., GARAI D. Effect of wastewater irrigation on vegetables in relation to bioaccumulation of heavy metals and biochemical changes. Environ Monit Assess. 165, 169, 2010.
• 32. LIN D., ZHOU Q. Effects of soil amendments on the extractability and speciation of cadmium, lead, and copper in a contaminated soil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 83, 136, 2009.
• 33. ITANNA F. Metals in leafy vegetables grown in Addis Ababa and toxicological implications. Ethiop J Health Dev. 16, 295, 2002.
• 34. ADRIANO D.C. Trace elements in the Terrestrial Environment. Springer-Verlag, New York: pp. 107-469, 1986