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This study was undertaken to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) can affect platelet responses through the inhibition of energy production. It was found that NO donors: S-nitroso-.N-acetylpenicyllamine, SNAP, (5-50 uM) and sodium nitro- prusside, SNP, (5-100 uM) inhibited collagen- and ADP-induced aggregation of por­cine platelets. The corresponding IC50 values for SNAP and SNP varied from 5 to 30 uM and from 9 to 75 uM, respectively. Collagen- and thrombin-induced platelet secre­tion was inhibited by SNAP (IC50 = 50 uM) and by SNP (IC50 = 100 uM). SNAP (20-100 uM), SNP (10-200 uM) and collagen (20 ug/ml) stimulated glycolysis in in­tact platelets. The degree of glycolysis stimulation exerted by NO donors was similar to that produced by respiratory chain inhibitors (cyanide and antimycin A) or uncouplers (2,4-dinitrophenol). Neither the NO donors nor the respiratory chain blockers affected glycolysis in platelet homogenate. SNAP (20-100 uM) and SNP (50-200 uM) inhibited oxygen consumption by platelets. The effect of SNP and SNAP on glycolysis and respiration was not reduced by 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazo- lo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, a selective inhibitor of NO-stimulated guanylate cyclase. SNAP (5-100 ,aM) and SNP (10-300 uM) inhibited the activity of platelet cytochrome oxidase and had no effect on NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase and succinate dehydrogenase. Blocking of the mitochondrial energy production by antimycin A slightly affected collagen-evoked aggregation and strongly inhibited platelet secre­tion. The results indicate that: 1) in porcine platelets NO is able to diminish mito- chondrial energy production through the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, 2) the in­hibitory effect of NO on platelet secretion (but not aggregation) can be attributed to the reduction of mitochondrial energy production.
In circulation, platelets may come into contact with both exogenous (cardiac glycoside treatment) and endogenously produced inhibitors of Na+/K+-ATPase. We examined whether blocking of platelet Na+/K+-ATPase by ouabain results in generation of procoagulant activity. It was shown that an in vitro treatment of platelets with ouabain (20-200 µM for 20 to 60 min) is associated with an intracellular accumulation of sodium ([Na+]i), generation of a weak calcium signal, and expression of procoagulant activity. The ouabain-induced procoagulant response was dose- and time-related, less pronounced than that evoked by collagen and similar to that produced by gramicidin, not affected by EDTA or aspirin, and strongly reduced in the absence of extracellular Na+ or by hyperosmolality. Flow cytometry studies revealed that ouabain treatment results in a unimodal left shift in the forward and side scatter of the entire platelet population indicating morphological changes of the plasma membrane. The shift was dose related, weaker than that evoked by collagen and similar to that produced by gramicidin. Ouabain-treated platelets express phosphatidylserine (PS). The ouabain-evoked PS expression was dose- and time-dependent, weaker than that produced by collagen and similar to that evoked by gramicidin. Electronic cell sizing measurements showed a dose-dependent increase in mean platelet volume upon treatment with ouabain. Hypoosmotically-evoked platelet swelling resulted in the appearance of procoagulant activity. Thromboelastography measurements indicate that, in whole blood, nanomolar (50-1000 nM, 15 min) concentrations of ouabain significantly accelerate the rate of clot formation initiated by contact and high extracellular concentration of calcium. We conclude that inefficiently operating platelet Na+/K+-ATPase results in a rise in [Na+]i. An increase in [Na+]i and the swelling associated with it may produce PS exposure and a rise in membrane curvature leading to the generation of a procoagulant activity.
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